topic 4a

Question 1

Dense Connective Tissue

Answer 1

Packed with collagen fibres that run parallel with each other
example tendeons and ligaments
(Connective tissue)

Question 2

types of muscle tissure

Answer 2

Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle

Question 3

characteristics of muscle tissue

Answer 3

Can contract

The long, thin cells of muscle tissue are packaged with two types of fibrous proteins.

Proteins shorten when stimulated and relax passively without stimulation.

(muscel tissue)

Question 4

Skeletal muscle

Answer 4

volountary control
stimulated via nervous sytem
moves skeleton
(muscel tissue)

Question 5

Cardiac muscle

Answer 5

located in the heart

Is spontaneously active under involuntary control
Interconnected by intercalated discs, through which electrical signals spread through the heart this allows heart to contract in a coordinated fashion

(muscel tissue)

Question 6

Smooth muscle

Answer 6

Cells do not appear striped
Is under involuntary control
Found throughout the body
(muscel tissue)

Question 7

Nerve tissue

Answer 7

Composed of two types of cells (neurons and glial)
nerves cell made from (dendrites, cell body, axon, terminals)
Glial functions include ( surronding neurons and supporting/protecting. Regulating the composition of the interstitial fluid)

Question 8

Loose Connective Tissue

Answer 8

Most abundent form
Consists of a thick fluid containing scattered cells that secrete protein
example: fat or adipose tissue
(connective tissue)

Question 9

Specialised Connective Tissue

Answer 9

cartilage, bone, fat, blood, and lymph
(connective tissue)

Question 10

Cartilage

Answer 10

(Specialised Connective Tissue)
consists of widely spaced cells surrounded by a thick, nonliving matrix composed of collagen secreted by the cartilage cells

Question 11

Bone

Answer 11

(Specialised Connective Tissue)
Bone resembles cartilage, but its matrix is hardened by deposits of calcium phosphate

Question 12

Lymph

Answer 12

Lymph consists largely of liquid that has leaked out of blood capillaries, plus white blood cells
(Specialised Connective Tissue)

Question 13

Blood

Answer 13

(Specialised Connective Tissue)
Blood - cellular portion
Red blood cells - transport oxygen
White blood cells - fight infection
Platelets – aid in blood clotting (homeostasis)
Blood cells are suspended in a fluid called plasma

Question 14

Epithelial classifications

Answer 14

Simples epithelium (one cell thick)
Stratified epithelium (contains more than one cell layer thick)
Squamous cells are flat and thin
Cuboidal cells are cube-shaped
Columnar cells are elongated
Some of the cells are ciliated, bearing cilia on their upper surfaces

Question 15

Epithelial Characteristics

Answer 15

Having a free surface
supported by a basement membrane , thin, non-cellular fibrous layer
Thin and lack blood vessels,

Question 16

Exocrine glands

Answer 16

Glands are cluster or epithelial cells
Secret substances , usually through a duct

(sweat glands, mammary gland, and salivary glands)

(epithelial)

Question 17

Endocrine glands

Answer 17

Ductless glands
Secretes hormones
Example (ovaries, textiles, thyroid, and pituitary gland)

(epithelial)

Question 18

tissue types

Answer 18

Epithelial tissue
connective tissues
nerve tissue
muscular tissue

Question 19

define organ

Answer 19

ormed from at least two types of tissues that function together
function as part of an organ system

Question 20

Direct cell communication

Answer 20

Cells must be in direct contact
Ion flows from cell to cell via gap junctions.
Example (cardiac cells)

Question 21

Synaptic cell Communication

Answer 21

Chemicals released by cells diffuse through extracellular fluid, cause response in nearby cells
Transmits electrical signals from cell to cell (neurotransmitters)
Example ( nervous system transmission)

Question 22

Paracrine communication cell communiction

Answer 22

Chemicals released by cells diffuse through extracellular fluid, cause response in nearby cells
Effects are localised, short lived - local hormones
Example (prostaglandins)

Question 23

Endocrine hormones
cell communication

Answer 23

Chemicals are secreted into the bloodstream
Target cells can be great distances from secreting cells
Effects can be short lived or long lasting
Example (insulin)

Question 24

chemical classes of hormones

Answer 24

steriods
peptide
animo acid derived

Question 25

Amino acid derived hormones

Answer 25

Are composed of one or two modified amino acids
Also bind to receptors on cell surface
Ex- Growth Hormone, Insulin, Leptin

Question 26

Peptide hormone

Answer 26

Are chains of amino acids hormones
Cannot diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer
Must bind to receptors on the cell surface
Ex- Thyroxine, Melatonin

Question 27

Steroid hormones

Answer 27

Steroid hormones are synthesised from cholesterol
Steroid hormones are lipid soluble, so they can diffuse through plasma membranes
Steroid hormones usually bind to receptors inside target cells.
Steroid hormones diffuse into every cell they encounter, but only cells with appropriate receptors can respond
EX: testosterone, oestrogen, progesterone

Question 28

Endotherms

Answer 28

(Birds, mammals and some fish)

Most have minimal temperature fluctuations (35 - 42 degrees celsius)

This process costs a high amount of energy required to maintain. However it does allow for fast movements and environmental awareness
Internal conditions are maintained via feedback systems

positive and negative feedback loops

Question 29

Ectotherms

Answer 29

(heat is coming from outside)

(reptile, amphibians, most fish and invertebrates)

Their internal temperature varies as its environment does

They can contain stable body temperatures via behaviour or have a constant temperature in its environment.

Question 30

positive feedback loops

Answer 30

three principal components.
Sensor - detects changes
Control centre - compares the current condition to the ideal condition (set point)
Effector - produces output that restores the condition to the set point.

Question 31

Positive feedback loop

Answer 31

creates cycles that reinforces and perpetuates the initial change (labour contractions) it occurs rarely.