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Biology 243 > Topic 4C > Flashcards

Topic 4C Flashcards

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1
Q

beneficial mutations can result in:

A

adaptations to environment over time

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2
Q

fitness

A

a measure of the extent to which an individual’s genotype is represented in the next generation

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3
Q

positive selection

A

natural selection that increases the frequency of a favourable allele

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4
Q

sometimes, natural selection can promote the fixation of advantageous alleles, meaning:

A

the allele has a frequency of 1

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5
Q

negative selection

A

natural selection that reduces the frequency of a deleterious allele

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6
Q

balancing selection

A

natural selection that acts to maintain two or more alleles of a given gene in a population

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7
Q

heterozygote advantage

A

a form of balancing selection in which the heterozygote’s fitness is higher than that of either of the homozygotes, resulting in selection that ensures that both alleles remain in the population at intermediate frequencies

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8
Q

artificial selection is a form of:

A

directional selection

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9
Q

intrasexual selection

A

a form of sexual selection involving interactions between individuals of one sex, as when members of one sex compete with one another for access to the other sex

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10
Q

intersexual selection

A

a form of sexual selection involving interaction between males and females, as when females choose from among males

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11
Q

migration

A

the movement of individuals from one population to another

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12
Q

gene flow

A

the movement of alleles from one population to another through interbreeding of some of their respective members

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13
Q

migration _______ genetic variation between populations

A

reduces, may be maladaptive and decrease population’s average fitness for their particular local conditions

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14
Q

mutation ______ genetic variation

A

increases

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15
Q

genetic drift

A

the random change in allele frequencies from generation to generation

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16
Q

bottleneck

A

an extreme, usually temporary, reduction in population size that often results in marked genetic drift

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17
Q

founder event

A

a type of bottleneck that occurs when only a few individuals establish a new population

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18
Q

genetic drift leads to allele frequency changes and therefore evolution but it does not lead to…

A

adaptations since the alleles whose frequencies are changing as a result of drift do not affect an individuals ability to survive or reproduce

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19
Q

genetic drift is much more significant in:

A

small populations (samples)

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20
Q

non-random mating alters:

A

genotype frequencies without affecting allele frequencies (no new alleles are added or taken away)

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21
Q

inbreeding depression

A

a reduction in fitness resulting from breeding among relatives causing homozygosity of deleterious recessive mutations

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22
Q

biological species concept (BSC)

A

species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups (i.e. a closed gene pool)

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23
Q

morphospecies concept

A

the idea that members of the same species usually look like each other more than like other species

24
Q

how come the BSC cannot be applied to Bacteria and Archaea?

A

because they reproduce asexually: there is not exchange of genetic information

25
Q

ring species

A

species that contain populations that are reproductively isolated from each other but can exchange genetic material through other, linking populations

26
Q

hybridization

A

interbreeding between two different varieties or species (results in hybrid offspring with distinct phenotypes)

27
Q

ecological species concept (ESC)

A

the concept that there is a one-to-one correspondence between a species and its niche

28
Q

phylogenetic species concept (PSC)

A

the idea that members of a species all share a common ancestry and a common fate

29
Q

pre-zygotic isolation

A

describe factors that prevent the fertilization of an egg

30
Q

post-zygotic isolation

A

describes factors that cause the failure of the fertilized egg to develop into a fertile individual

31
Q

most species are reproductively isolated by:

A

pre-zygotic isolating factors

32
Q

behaviourally isolated

A

describes individuals that only mate with other individuals on the basis of specific courtship rituals, songs, and other behaviours (pre-zygotic)

33
Q

gametic isolation

A

incompatibility between the gametes of two different species (pre-zygotic)

34
Q

mechanical incompatibility

A

structural configuration of the genitalia that prevents mating with another species (pre-zygotic)

35
Q

temporal isolation

A

pre-zygotic isolation between individuals that are reproductively active at different times

36
Q

geographic isolation

A

spatial segregation of individuals (pre-zygotic)

37
Q

ecological isolation

A

pre-zygotic isolation between individuals that specialize ecologically in different ways

38
Q

genetic incompatibility

A

genetic dissimilarity between two organisms, such as different numbers of chromosomes, that is sufficient to act as a post-zygotic isolating factor

39
Q

speciation is a by-product of:

A

the genetic divergence of separated populations, it is the development of reproductive isolation between populations

40
Q

partially reproductively isolated

A

describes populations that have not yet diverged as a separate species but whose genetic differences are extensive enough that the hybrid offspring they produce have reduced fertility or viability compared with offspring produced by crosses between individuals within each population

41
Q

allopatric speciation

A

speciation resulting from populations that are geographically separated from each other

42
Q

subspecies

A

allopatric populations that have yet to evolve even partial reproductive isolation but which have acquired population-specific traits

43
Q

dispersal

A

the process in which some individuals colonize a distant place far from the main source population (cause of allopatric speciation)

44
Q

vicariance

A

the process in which a geographic barrier arises within a single population, separating it into two or more isolated populations (cause of allopatric speciation)

45
Q

peripatric speciation

associate with dispersal

A

a specific kind of allopatric speciation in which a few individuals from a mainland population disperse to a new location remote from the original population and evolve separately

46
Q

mainland population

A

the central population of a species

47
Q

island population

A

an isolated population

48
Q

adaptive radiation

A

a period of unusually rapid evolutionary diversification in which natural selection accelerates the rates of both speciation and adaptation in a single lineage

49
Q

co-speciation

A

a process in which two groups of organisms speciate in response to each other and at the same time, producing matching phylogenies

50
Q

sympatric

A

describes populations that are in the same geographic location

51
Q

sympatric speciation

A

occurs as a result of disruptive selection, because even though gene flow occurs, the hybrids are selected against

52
Q

instantaneous speciation

A

speciation that occurs in a single generation ex. offspring is polyploid

53
Q

polyploidy

A

the condition of having more than two complete sets of chromosomes in a genome

54
Q

allopolyploids

A

polyploids produced from hybridization of two different species

55
Q

autopolyploids

A

polyploids derived from an unusual reproductive event between members of a single species

Biology 243 (15 decks)

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