TOPIC 4A: Changing cities 🏙️🏢 🌐 Flashcards
1
Q
What does the term ‘emerging country’ mean?’
Hint: development
A
- an emerging country, is a country with high and medium development e.g. Brazil
2
Q
What does the term ‘developing country mean?’
Hint: human development
A
- a developing country, is a country with low human development; a poor country e.g. Chad
3
Q
What does the term ‘developed country’ mean?
A
- a developed country, is a country with very high human development e.g. UK
4
Q
What does the term ‘urbanisation’ mean?’
A
- urbanisation, is the increase in the number of people living in towns and cities, compared to the number of people living in the countryside
5
Q
What does the term ‘rural depopulation’ mean?
A
- rural depopulation, is the movement of people from rural to urban areas
6
Q
What is a major city?
A
- a major city, is a city with a population of at least 400,000
7
Q
What does the term ‘natural increase’ mean?
A
- natural increase, is when population numbers show a positive difference between the birth rate and death rate
8
Q
What is the human development index (HDI).
A
- the human development index, is: a measurement of life expectancy, access to education and gross national income (GNI) per capita used.
- HDI asesses much progress a country has made
9
Q
What’s the difference between a developed country 🆚 a developing country 🆚 an emerging country ?
A
- a developed country, is a country with very high human development- [e.g. UK]
- ; - a developing country, is a country with low human development; a poor country- [e.g. Chad]
- and an emerging country, is a country with a high and medium development [e.g. Brazil]
10
Q
How and why has urbanisation, occurred at different times and rates, in developed countries ?
A
- in developed countries [such as the UK], urbanisation took place in the 18th to19th centuries, due to the agricultural and industrial revolutions.
- This is because, the Industrial Revolution provided a huge demand for labour in new factories [as countries were industrialised].
- so this means, there was better pay and jobs in towns and cities, so people began to move in large numbers to cities in the UK
11
Q
- Fill in the gaps: In developed countries, urbanisation has occurred at different rates and _____ because of large farming estates enclosing ____
- therefore, poorer villagers began to _______ [and move to] cities in large numbers.
A
- In developed countries, urbanisation has occurred at different rates and times because of large farming estates enclosing land.
- therefore, poorer villagers began to migrate [and move to] cities in large numbers.
12
Q
How and why has urbanisation, occurred at different times and rates, in developing and emerging countries ?
A
- the rapid growth in urban population, is more recent than developed countries, leading to differences from developing countries such as issues with waste and a development of shanty towns [e.g- favelas in Sao Paulo]
- This is because, the rate of urban growth is too fast
13
Q
Over the last 50 years, what are the contrasting trends in urbanisation in developed countries ? 🇬🇧
A
- in developed countries, the rate of urbanisation has decreased [since the 1960s].
- and 79% of the population of developed countries, already live in urban areas [such as London or Bristol.]
14
Q
Over the last 50 years, what are the contrasting trends in urbanisation, in developing countries ? 🇿🇦
A
- in developing countries [e.g- Africa] although the rate of urbanisation is the highest and fastest, the total rate of urbanisation has also decreased [since the 1960s]
15
Q
Over the last 50 years, what are the contrasting trends in urbanisation, in emerging countries ? 🇨🇳
A
- in emerging countries [e.g- China], the rate of urbanisation is high because, these countries are undergoing rapid urban growth
- ; this has slowed down in other countries such as the Caribbean.
16
Q
What’s an impact [effect] of high rates of urbanisation, in developed countries ? 🏡
A
- one impact of urbanisation in high developed countries, is the housing sector.
- This is because the population is increasing [due to migration] and other factors- such as urbanisation; there’s a high demand for housing which can’t be met [due to insufficient space] therefore, this can increase the price of rent and cost of house prices.
- So one impact of high rates of urbanisation in developed countries, is an increase in the price of rent and cost prices, because of the growing population [due to urbanisation]
17
Q
What’s an impact of high rates of urbanisation, in developing and emerging countries ? 🏫🇰🇪
A
- one [economic] impact of high rates of urbanisation, in developing and emerging countries is on education.
- This is because of the ever-growing population [due to urbanisation], which leads to overcrowding, since there isn’t enough places in schools in certain urban areas.
- This means schools might not manage with huge class sizes [or it could lead to people’s safety being threatened.]
- For example in Kenya [in 2020], it was suspected that overcrowding, led to fourteen deaths in a primary, as a result of primary school stampede.
18
Q
What’s a second impact of high rates of urbanisation, in developed counties ? ☀️
A
- a second impact of high rates of urbanisation, in developed countries, is overcrowded cities.
- This is because, developed cities can’t cope with the large amount of people who want to live there, so this means it can lead to environmental issues.
- An example of this could be an increase in greenhouse gases- as the population increases because of overcrowding [due to urbanisation], more resources are used= more greenhouse gases are produced, which furthers global warming.
19
Q
What’s a second impact of high rates of urbanisation, in developing and emerging countries ? 💉🧧🪙
A
- a second impact of high rates of urbanisation, in developing and emerging countries is an increase in the levels of crime. [social consequence]
- This is because, urbanisation means that more people move into urban areas
- ; these areas are now density packed with people- making it easier for offenders to commit crimes, as they feel they may get away with it due to there being a high number of people
- Because, people may not know or recognise them.
20
Q
Describe the distribution of the urban population in the UK
A
- the urban population of the UK is unevenly distributed.
- For example, the urban population is lower in the north of the UK, and is higher in the south of the UK
- and typically, important urban areas, have the highest population density- [in the UK, London has the the highest population density]
21
Q
Give one reason, why the urban population of the UK is unevenly distributed
A
- one reason why the urban population is unevenly distributed, is due to mineral wealth.
- this is because, mineral wealth [e.g- coal ore] has lead to rapid population growth as industries have developed here, attracting people- due to the potential prospect of jobs.
22
Q
What’s a location, of a UK’s major urban centre
A
- some of the locations, of the UK’s major urban centres are:
- Greater London- located to the southeast, this major urban centre has a population of 8.908 million [2018 data]
23
Q
What’s another location, of a UK’s major urban centre
A
- some of the locations, of the UK’s major urban centres are:
- ; another example of the UK’s major urban centre is Bristol.
- Located to the south-west of England, Bristol has a population of 467,099 [2019 data] and has a seaport, near to the docks in the west of the UK.
24
Q
Explain a factor, that’s causing the rate and degree of urbanisation, to differ between regions in the UK
A
- slow growth- people maybe aren’t attracted to certain regions and therefore move away from regions in the UK, to find better job opportunities.
- This could be because of lower average wages, as seen in comparison to London and Newcastle- the average weekly wages are £501; in London they’re £727.
25
Explain a factor, that’s causing the rate and degree of urbanisation, to differ between regions in the UK
- **fast growth-** urban areas such as Cambridge are experiencing fast urban growth. This is typically seen, in the south and east of the UK.
- And this is because, of international migration.
- as nearly half of all international migrants, decide to migrate to London or other areas of the UK [such as the south-east] and this increases the rate of urbanisation
- overall, this then causes the rate and degree of urbanisation, to differ between regions in the UK
26
- Fill in the gaps: urbanisation in the UK has occurred at different rates and time because of the Industrial revolution [during the 19th century]
- urbanisation in the UK has occurred at different rates and time because of the Industrial revolution [during the 19th century]
27
- Fill in the gaps: In developing and emerging countries, there has been an improvement in living conditions [such as: improving health services] meaning, more children can survive past their first birthday and live longer
- In developing and emerging countries, there has been an improvement in living conditions [such as: improving health services].
- this means, more children can survive past their first birthday and live longer
28
Why is urbanisation so much faster in developing and emerging countries ?
- **natural increase-** birth rates are significantly higher than death rates, which increases the total population.
- this is because, survival rates are globally increasing with medical knowledge [as it is improved and spread globally]
29
Explain why rural-urban migration, results in significantly higher rates of urbanisation in developing and emerging countries.
- rural to urban migration [mainly from the countryside] has increased the rate of urbanisation.
- this is because of cities push and pull factors [such as a more reliable income, or a difficult access to healthcare]
