TOPIC 4A: Changing cities 🏙️🏢 🌐

Question 1

What does the term ‘emerging country’ mean?’

Hint: development

Answer 1

• an emerging country, is a country with high and medium development e.g. Brazil

Question 2

What does the term ‘developing country mean?’

Hint: human development

Answer 2

• a developing country, is a country with low human development; a poor country e.g. Chad

Question 3

What does the term ‘developed country’ mean?

Answer 3

• a developed country, is a country with very high human development e.g. UK

Question 4

What does the term ‘urbanisation’ mean?’

Answer 4

• urbanisation, is the increase in the number of people living in towns and cities, compared to the number of people living in the countryside

Question 5

What does the term ‘rural depopulation’ mean?

Answer 5

• rural depopulation, is the movement of people from rural to urban areas

Question 6

What is a major city?

Answer 6

• a major city, is a city with a population of at least 400,000

Question 7

What does the term ‘natural increase’ mean?

Answer 7

• natural increase, is when population numbers show a positive difference between the birth rate and death rate

Question 8

What is the human development index (HDI).

Answer 8

• the human development index, is: a measurement of life expectancy, access to education and gross national income (GNI) per capita used.
• HDI asesses much progress a country has made

Question 9

What’s the difference between a developed country 🆚 a developing country 🆚 an emerging country ?

Answer 9

• a developed country, is a country with very high human development- [e.g. UK]
• ; - a developing country, is a country with low human development; a poor country- [e.g. Chad]
• and an emerging country, is a country with a high and medium development [e.g. Brazil]

Question 10

How and why has urbanisation, occurred at different times and rates, in developed countries ?

Answer 10

• in developed countries [such as the UK], urbanisation took place in the 18th to19th centuries, due to the agricultural and industrial revolutions.
• This is because, the Industrial Revolution provided a huge demand for labour in new factories [as countries were industrialised].
• so this means, there was better pay and jobs in towns and cities, so people began to move in large numbers to cities in the UK

Question 11

• Fill in the gaps: In developed countries, urbanisation has occurred at different rates and _____ because of large farming estates enclosing ____
• therefore, poorer villagers began to _______ [and move to] cities in large numbers.

Answer 11

• In developed countries, urbanisation has occurred at different rates and times because of large farming estates enclosing land.
• therefore, poorer villagers began to migrate [and move to] cities in large numbers.

Question 12

How and why has urbanisation, occurred at different times and rates, in developing and emerging countries ?

Answer 12

• the rapid growth in urban population, is more recent than developed countries, leading to differences from developing countries such as issues with waste and a development of shanty towns [e.g- favelas in Sao Paulo]
• This is because, the rate of urban growth is too fast

Question 13

Over the last 50 years, what are the contrasting trends in urbanisation in developed countries ? 🇬🇧

Answer 13

• in developed countries, the rate of urbanisation has decreased [since the 1960s].
• and 79% of the population of developed countries, already live in urban areas [such as London or Bristol.]

Question 14

Over the last 50 years, what are the contrasting trends in urbanisation, in developing countries ? 🇿🇦

Answer 14

• in developing countries [e.g- Africa] although the rate of urbanisation is the highest and fastest, the total rate of urbanisation has also decreased [since the 1960s]

Question 15

Over the last 50 years, what are the contrasting trends in urbanisation, in emerging countries ? 🇨🇳

Answer 15

• in emerging countries [e.g- China], the rate of urbanisation is high because, these countries are undergoing rapid urban growth
• ; this has slowed down in other countries such as the Caribbean.

Question 16

What’s an impact [effect] of high rates of urbanisation, in developed countries ? 🏡

Answer 16

• one impact of urbanisation in high developed countries, is the housing sector.
• This is because the population is increasing [due to migration] and other factors- such as urbanisation; there’s a high demand for housing which can’t be met [due to insufficient space] therefore, this can increase the price of rent and cost of house prices.
• So one impact of high rates of urbanisation in developed countries, is an increase in the price of rent and cost prices, because of the growing population [due to urbanisation]

Question 17

What’s an impact of high rates of urbanisation, in developing and emerging countries ? 🏫🇰🇪

Answer 17

• one [economic] impact of high rates of urbanisation, in developing and emerging countries is on education.
• This is because of the ever-growing population [due to urbanisation], which leads to overcrowding, since there isn’t enough places in schools in certain urban areas.
• This means schools might not manage with huge class sizes [or it could lead to people’s safety being threatened.]
• For example in Kenya [in 2020], it was suspected that overcrowding, led to fourteen deaths in a primary, as a result of primary school stampede.

Question 18

What’s a second impact of high rates of urbanisation, in developed counties ? ☀️

Answer 18

• a second impact of high rates of urbanisation, in developed countries, is overcrowded cities.
• This is because, developed cities can’t cope with the large amount of people who want to live there, so this means it can lead to environmental issues.
• An example of this could be an increase in greenhouse gases- as the population increases because of overcrowding [due to urbanisation], more resources are used= more greenhouse gases are produced, which furthers global warming.

Question 19

What’s a second impact of high rates of urbanisation, in developing and emerging countries ? 💉🧧🪙

Answer 19

• a second impact of high rates of urbanisation, in developing and emerging countries is an increase in the levels of crime. [social consequence]
• This is because, urbanisation means that more people move into urban areas
• ; these areas are now density packed with people- making it easier for offenders to commit crimes, as they feel they may get away with it due to there being a high number of people
• Because, people may not know or recognise them.

Question 20

Describe the distribution of the urban population in the UK

Answer 20

• the urban population of the UK is unevenly distributed.
• For example, the urban population is lower in the north of the UK, and is higher in the south of the UK
• and typically, important urban areas, have the highest population density- [in the UK, London has the the highest population density]

Question 21

Give one reason, why the urban population of the UK is unevenly distributed

Answer 21

• one reason why the urban population is unevenly distributed, is due to mineral wealth.
• this is because, mineral wealth [e.g- coal ore] has lead to rapid population growth as industries have developed here, attracting people- due to the potential prospect of jobs.

Question 22

What’s a location, of a UK’s major urban centre

Answer 22

• some of the locations, of the UK’s major urban centres are:
• Greater London- located to the southeast, this major urban centre has a population of 8.908 million [2018 data]

Question 23

What’s another location, of a UK’s major urban centre

Answer 23

• some of the locations, of the UK’s major urban centres are:
• ; another example of the UK’s major urban centre is Bristol.
• Located to the south-west of England, Bristol has a population of 467,099 [2019 data] and has a seaport, near to the docks in the west of the UK.

Question 24

Explain a factor, that’s causing the rate and degree of urbanisation, to differ between regions in the UK

Answer 24

• slow growth- people maybe aren’t attracted to certain regions and therefore move away from regions in the UK, to find better job opportunities.
• This could be because of lower average wages, as seen in comparison to London and Newcastle- the average weekly wages are £501; in London they’re £727.

Question 25

Explain a factor, that’s causing the rate and degree of urbanisation, to differ between regions in the UK

Answer 25

• fast growth- urban areas such as Cambridge are experiencing fast urban growth. This is typically seen, in the south and east of the UK.
• And this is because, of international migration.
• as nearly half of all international migrants, decide to migrate to London or other areas of the UK [such as the south-east] and this increases the rate of urbanisation
• overall, this then causes the rate and degree of urbanisation, to differ between regions in the UK

Question 26

• Fill in the gaps: urbanisation in the UK has occurred at different rates and time because of the Industrial revolution [during the 19th century]

Answer 26

• urbanisation in the UK has occurred at different rates and time because of the Industrial revolution [during the 19th century]

Question 27

• Fill in the gaps: In developing and emerging countries, there has been an improvement in living conditions [such as: improving health services] meaning, more children can survive past their first birthday and live longer

Answer 27

• In developing and emerging countries, there has been an improvement in living conditions [such as: improving health services].
• this means, more children can survive past their first birthday and live longer

Question 28

Why is urbanisation so much faster in developing and emerging countries ?

Answer 28

• natural increase- birth rates are significantly higher than death rates, which increases the total population.
• this is because, survival rates are globally increasing with medical knowledge [as it is improved and spread globally]

Question 29

Explain why rural-urban migration, results in significantly higher rates of urbanisation in developing and emerging countries.

Answer 29

• rural to urban migration [mainly from the countryside] has increased the rate of urbanisation.
• this is because of cities push and pull factors [such as a more reliable income, or a difficult access to healthcare]