topic 4.4

Question 1

what is the prostate made of?

Answer 1

glandular tissue, smooth muscle and connective tissue

Question 2

what are the 4 distinct zones in the adult prostate and how much % of the total mass?

Answer 2

1. transitional zone (10%)
2. central zone (20%)
3. peripheral zone (70%)
4. anterior fibromuscular zone

Question 3

what are the two common neoplasms associated with prostate?

Answer 3

1. benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
2. prostate cancer

Question 4

what is benign prostatic hyperplasia characterised by?

Answer 4

the remodelling of the prostate

Question 5

most prostate tumours are adenocarcinomas, what does this mean?

Answer 5

that they arise from glandular tissue in the peripheral zone

Question 6

where does prostate cancer tend to spread?

Answer 6

along the capsular surface of the gland and it may invade seminal vesicles, peri-prostatic tissue and eventually the bladder neck

Question 7

what are the characteristics of testicular tumours?

Answer 7

• usually hard, painless and unilateral
• testicle may be enlarged or feel heavy

Question 8

where does metastasis occur through in testicular cancer?

Answer 8

metastasis commonly occurs through the spermatic cord lymphatics to the retroperitoneal lymph node chain

Question 9

tunica albuginea is a natural barrier to local metastasis, true or false?

Answer 9

true

Question 10

what is often secreted by malignant testicular tumours?

Answer 10

1. human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
2. alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)