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module 4 > topic 4.1 > Flashcards

topic 4.1 Flashcards

1
Q

define cancer

A

a generic term describing any condition where abnormal cells divide and invade other tissues

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2
Q

the process of new, but abnormal cellular growth. this term can refer to benign or malignant

A

neoplasm

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3
Q

generic term for any growth, swelling or neoplasm

A

tumour

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4
Q

study of malignant tumours

A

oncology

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5
Q

a suffix which means benign tumour

A

‘_oma’

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6
Q

a gene that controls normal cell growth and proliferation

A

proto-oncogene

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7
Q

a mutated gene which after mutating can contribute to abnormal cell growth (neoplasm)

A

oncogene

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8
Q

a tumour that is very invasive and tends to spread

A

malignant

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9
Q

malignancy of epithelial tissue

A

carcinoma

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10
Q

malignancy of connective tissue

A

sarcoma

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11
Q

generic term referring to inability of a tumour to metastasise

A

benign

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12
Q

the spread of cancerous cells from a primary tumour to a distant region

A

metastasise

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13
Q

a prefix, meaning arising from glandular tissue

A

‘adeno_’

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14
Q

the development of new capillaries in the tumour

A

angiogenesis

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15
Q

any substance that has the potential to carcinogenesis

A

carcinogen

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16
Q

the process of initiating cancer

A

carcinogenesis

17
Q

an examination of tissue removed from living body to discover the presence, cause or extent of neoplasm

A

biopsy

18
Q

the state of absence of disease activity in patients known to have a chronic illness that cannot be cured. commonly used to refer to absence of active cancer

A

remission

19
Q

sever tissue wasting

A

cachexia

20
Q

what is the cell cycle?

A

the process of cell division that allows body to grow and repair

21
Q

what is mitosis?

A

the process of dividing the duplicated DNA of a cell into two new nuclei

22
Q

name and explain the first stage of mitosis

A

prophase: the DNA condenses into visible chromosomes (the classic chromosome structure), and the nucleolus disappears

23
Q

name and explain the second stage of mitosis

A

prometaphase: microtubules attach to the chromosomes at the kinetochore

24
Q

name and explain the third stage of mitosis

A

metaphase: sister chromatids align at the centre of the cell so both chromatids face toward opposite poles of the cell

25
Q

name and explain the fourth stage of mitosis

A

anaphase: chromosomes separate. the microtubules attached to kinetochores shorten which pulls chromatids apart

26
Q

name and explain the fifth stage of mitosis

A

telophase: nuclear membranes reappear around the two sets of chromosomes, the components of new cells begin to appear, the chromosomes uncoil and return to their uncondensed state

27
Q

what is cytokinesis?

A

the formation of two new cells following mitosis

28
Q

explain the process of cytokinesis

A

the cell is compressed by a contractile ring which divides the cell into nearly equal halves. the organelles in the cell are replicated and divided between the two halves. once split, the two new cells are fully in the G1 stage of interphase and ready to begin growth

29
Q

explain the process and stages of interphase

A
  1. G1/gap 1: first growth stage, cell grows to nearly full size
  2. S/synthesis phase: DNA in nucleus replicated
  3. G2/gap 2: cell finishes growing
30
Q

what occurs after a mutation to proto-oncogenes?

A

after mutation, these genes are called oncogenes and they gain function, thus they push the cell towards more and unregulated growth

31
Q

what occurs following a mutation to tumour suppressor genes?

A

mutations to tumour suppressor genes can cause loss of function, causing the cell to lose its ability to repair DNA or induce apoptosis, thus defective cells are able to freely reproduce

32
Q

what are the 8 stages of carcinogenesis?

A
  1. oncogene
  2. mutate inhibition
  3. DNA regulator/fixer turned off
  4. apoptosis mutated (cell now immortal)
  5. telomerase mutated
  6. angiogenesis
  7. de-differentiation (no longer looks like neighbouring cell and cell is no longer benign)
  8. not recognisable (not recognised by immune system as being abnormal/problematic
33
Q

what are the two classifications of non-melanoma skin cancer?

A
  1. basal cell carcinoma (BCC)
  2. squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
34
Q

what are the two types of skin cancer?

A

non-melanoma and melanoma

module 4 (4 decks)

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