topic 4.3 Flashcards
what three factors generally influence the development of benign breast neoplasms?
- sex hormones
- hormones
- growth factors
what are the two major types of benign breast neoplasms?
- fibroadenomas
- fibrocytes
explain some key characteristics of fibroadenomas
- benign growths of stroma or epithelial cells of breast
- cells will resemble normal cells but are hyper-plastic
- growths usually 1-2cm in size
- firm, smooth and mobile
explain some key characteristics of fibrocystic disease
- smooth, firm and immobile
- fluid-filled and usually painful
what are the two types of carcinomas commonly associated with breast cancer?
- ductal carcinomas
- lobular carcinomas
explain ductal carcinomas
- arise from collecting ducts
- comprise majority of breast cancers
explain lobular carcinomas
- arise from terminal lobules
what is meant by ‘local advanced breast disease’?
the invasion of the skin, chest wall or lymph nodes by cancerous cells
what is a key indication of a more aggressive carcinoma in breast cancer?
if receptors are found on the breast cancer cell, these receptors allow them to grow and respond
what two viruses are commonly linked to the development of cervical cancer?
- Herpes simplex-2 (HSV2)
- human papillomavirus (HPV)
explain the pathophysiology of cervical cancer?
- early stages consist of dysplasia
- invasive carcinomas appear as protruding nodular mass or ulceration
- as carcinoma spreads, it may reach connective tissue, bladder and rectum
where does uterine/endometrial cancer arise from?
arises from glandular tissue
where does ovarian cancer arise from?
the epithelial cells of the ovary
what are the 3 main types of ovarian tumours?
- serous
- mucinous
- endometrioid
what are early indications of ovarian cancer?
feeling bloated, backache, frequent urination, constipation
