Topic 4.1: Human Organization Flashcards
List the five types of epithelium, and identify a location where each could be found in the human body.
Simple squamous- lining in lungs, blood vessels
Simple cuboidal- lining of kidney tubules, various glands
Simple columnar- lining of small intestine, uterine tubes
Pseudostratified, ciliated columnar- lining of trachea
Stratified squamous- lining of nose, mouth, esophagus, anal canal, vagina
Compare and contrast the three types of connective tissue
Loose fibrous connective tissue:
* has space between components
* occurs beneath skin and most epithelial layers
* functions in support and binds organs
Dense fibrous connective tissue:
* has collagenous fibers closely packed
* in dermis of skin, tendons, ligaments
* functions in support
Adipose tissue:
*cells are filled with fat
* occurs beneath skin, around heart and other organs
* functions in insolation, stores fat
Hyaline cartilage:
* has cells in lacunae
* occurs in nose; in the walls of respiratory passages; at ends of bones, including ribs
* functions in support and protection
Compact bone:
* has cells in concentric rings
* occurs in bones of skeleton
* functions in support and protection
All but adipose tissue functions in support and protection. Dense fibrous connective tissue only functions in support.
Describe the structure and function of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle.
Skeletal muscle:
* has striated cells with multiple nuclei
* occurs in muscles attached to skeleton
* function in voluntary movement of body
Smooth muscle:
has spindle-shaped cells, each wirh a single nucleus.
* cells have no striations
* occurs in blood vessel walls and walls of the digestive tract
*functions in movement of substances in lumens of body
* is involuntary
Cardiac muscle:
* has branching, striated cells, each with a single nucleus
* occurs in the wall of the heart
* functions in the pumping of blood
* is involuntary
Distinguish between a neuron and the neuroglia.
A neuron has a cell body, dendrites and an axon. Neurons function in sensory input, integration of information, and motor output. Neuroglia support and nourish neurons and participate in brain function.
Define tissue
Group of similar cells combined to perform a common function.
Define epithelia tissue
Tissue that lines hollow organs and covers surfaces.
Define squamous epithelium
Type of epithelial tissue that contains flat cells.
Define cuboidal epithelium
Type of epithelial tissue with cube-shaped cells.
Define columnar epithelium
Type of epithelial tissue with cylindrical cells.
Define gland
Epithelial cell or group of epithelial cells that are specialized to secrete a substance.
Define exocrine glands
Glands that secrete their products into ducts
Define endocrine glands
Those that secrete their product into the bloodstream
Define connective tissue
Type of animal tissue that binds structures together, provides support and protection, fills spaces, stores fat, and forms blood cells; adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood are types of connective tissue; living cells in a nonliving matrix.
Define collagen fibers
White fiber in the matrix of connective tissue giving flexibility and strength.
Define reticular fibers
Very thin collagen fiber in the matrix of connective tissue, highly branched and forming delicate supporting networks.
Define elastic fibers
Yellow fiber in the matrix of connective tissue, providing flexibility.
Define loose fibrous connective tissue
Tissue composed mainly of fibroblasts widely separated by a matrix containing collagen and elastic fibers.
Define dense fibrous connective tissue
Type of connective tissue containing many collagen fibers packed together; found in tendons and ligaments, for example.
Define ligament
Tough cord or band of dense fibrous tissue that binds bone to bone at a joint.
Define tendon
Strap of fibrous connective tissue that connects skeletal muscle to bone.
Define fibroblasts
Cell found in loose connective tissue that synthesizes collagen and elastic fibers in the matrix.
Define adipose tissue
Connective tissue in which fat is stored.
Define reticular connective tissue
Form of connective tissue that supports the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow.
Cartilage
Connective tissue in which the cells lie within lacunae embedded in a flexible, proteinaceous matrix.
Define lacuna
Small pit or hollow cavity, as in bone or cartilage, where a cell or cells are located.
Define hyaline cartilage
Cartilage whose cells lie in lacunae separated by a white translucent matrix containing very fine collagen fibers.
Define elastic cartilage
Type of cartilage composed of elastic fibers, allowing greater flexibility.
Define fibrocartilage
Cartilage with a matrix of strong collagenous fibers.
Define bone
Connective tissue having protein fibers and a hard matrix of inorganic salts, notably calcium salts.
Define compact bone
Type of bone that contains osteons consisting of concentric layers of matrix and osteocytes in lacunae.
Define spongy bone
Type of bone that has an irregular, meshlike arrangement of thin plates of bone.
Define blood
Fluid circulated by the heart through a closed system of vessels; type of connective tissue.
Define interstitial fluid
Fluid that surrounds the body’s cells; consists of dissolved substances that leave the blood capillaries by filtration and diffusion.
Define plasma
In vertebrates, the liquid portion of blood; contains nutrients, wastes, salts, and proteins.
Define red blood cells
Erythrocyte; contains hemoglobin and carries oxygen from the lungs or gills to the tissues in vertebrates.
Define white blood cells
Leukocyte, of which there are several types, each having a specific function in protecting the body from invasion by foreign substances and organisms.
Define platelets
Thrombocyte; component of blood that is necessary for blood clotting.
Define muscular tissue
Type of animal tissue composed of fibers that shorten and lengthen to produce movements.
Define skeletal muscle
Striated, voluntary muscle tissue that comprises the majority of the muscles in the human body; also called striated muscle.
Define smooth muscle
Nonstriated, involuntary muscle found in the walls of internal organs.
Define cardiac muscle
Striated, involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart.
Define nervous tissue
Tissue that contains nerve cells (neurons), which conduct impulses, and neuroglia, which support, protect, and provide nutrients to neurons.
Define neuron
Nerve cell that characteristically has three parts: dendrites, cell body, and an axon.
Define nerve
Bundle of long axons outside the central nervous system.
Define neuroglia
Nonconducting nerve cells that are intimately associated with neurons and that function in a supportive capacity.
Identify the two cavities separated by the diaphragm
Thoracic and abdominal
Describe the function of the fluids produced by various body membranes
Mucus protects the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems from bacteria and viruses. Serous fluid lubricates membranes that support internal organs and divide body cavities. Synovial fluid lubricates cartilage at the end of bones.
Define body cavities
In vertebrates, defined regions of the body in which organs reside.
Define ventral cavity
One of two main body cavities in humans; contains the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities.
Define dorsal cavity
One of two main body cavities in humans; contains the cranial cavity and vertebral canal.
Define mucous membranes
Body membrane that lines the tubes of several organ systems in humans; secretes mucus that helps protect the body from infection.
Define serous membrane
Body membrane in the thoracic and abdominal cavities that secretes a watery lubricant.
Define synovial membrane
Body membrane that lines synovial joints; secretes synovial fluid that lubricates the joint.
List a major organ that is found in each organ system
Integumentary: skin
Cardiovascular: heart
Lymphatic and immune: lymph nodes
Digestive: Small intestine
Respiratory: lungs
Urinary: Kidneys
Nervous: Spinal cord
Musculoskeletal: Skeleton
Endocrine: Pancreas
Reproductive: Ovaries
Identify two organ systems that protect the body from disease
Integumentary and lymphatic and immune
Define integumentary system
Organ system of humans that contains the skin, protects the body, synthesizes sensory input, assists in temperature regulation, and synthesizes vitamin D.
Define cardiovascular system
Organ system of humans that consists of the heart and blood vessels; transports blood, nutrients, gases, and wastes; assists in the defense against disease; helps control homeostasis.
Define lymphatic system
Organ system consisting of lymphatic vessels and lymphatic organs; transports lymph and lipids, and aids the immune system.
Define immune system
System associated with protection against pathogens, toxins, and some cancerous cells. In humans, this is an organ system.
Define digestive system
Organ system that consists of digestive organs (stomach, intestines, etc.) and accessory organs (liver, etc.); ingests and digests food; absorbs nutrients and eliminates wastes.
Define respiratory system
Organ system of humans that includes the lungs and associated structures; involved in the exchange of gases; helps control pH.
Define urinary system
Organ system of humans that includes the kidneys, urinary bladder, and associated structures; excretes metabolic wastes; maintains fluid balance; helps control pH.
Define nervous system
Organ system of humans that includes the brain, spinal cord, sense organs (eyes, ears, etc.), and associated nerves. Receives, integrates, and stores sensory input; coordinates activity of other organ systems.
Define musculoskeletal system
Name for the combined muscular and skeletal systems of humans; involved in movement and posture.
Define the endocrine system
Organ system involved in the coordination of body activities; uses hormones as chemical signals secreted into the bloodstream.
Define reproductive system
Organ system in humans that includes the sex-specific organs (testes, ovaries, etc.); produces and transports gametes; in females, nurtures and gives birth to offspring.
Compare the structure of the epidermal and dermal layers of the skin
The epidermis includes sweat pores, basal cells, melanocytes, and sensory receptors. The dermal layer of the skin includes capillaries, oil glands, arrector pili muscle, free nerve endings, hair follicles, hair roots, sweat glands, arteries, veins, and nerves.
Discuss why a dark-skinned individual living in northern Canada might develop bone problems.
They might not absorb enough UVB rays to produce adequate levels of vitamin D, which helps to keep bones strong.
List three accessory organs of the skin, and describe the major function (s) of each.
Nails- protect the distal parts of digits
Hair follicles- produce hair
Oil glands- secrete sebum
Explain how positive feedback differs from negative feedback.
In negative feedback, a sensor detects a change in internal conditions, resulting in a response that brings the conditions back to normal. Positive feedback involves and ever-greater change in the same direction until the initial stimulus stops.
Describe how several body systems can interact to maintain homeostasis.
The respiratory, digestive, and urinary systems interact to take in O2 and nutrients needed by the body, and eliminate unused or waste products such as CO2 and nitrates. They ensure that blood pH, blood volume, and glucose levels are maintained withing strict ranges.
List several specific diseases that result when a particular body system fails to perform its function.
Failure of the immune system results in infectious diseases such as shingles and candidiasis. Failure of the cardiovascular system results in heart failure and strokes. Failure of endocrine organs can result in diabetes or hypothyroidism.
Define homeostasis
Maintenance of normal internal conditions in a cell or an organism by means of self-regulating mechanisms.
Define negative feedback
Mechanism of homeostatic response by which the output of a system suppresses or inhibits activity of the system.
Define positive feedback
Mechanism of homeostatic response in which the output of the system intensifies and increases the activity of the system.
Define disease
Abnormality in the body’s physiology that typically upsets homeostasis.
Tissues are formed from _______ and are arranged together to form _________.
a) organs; organ systems
b) cells; molecules
c) cells; organs
d) molecules; cells
c) cells; organs
Which choice is true of both cardiac and skeletal muscle?
a) striated
b) single nucleus per cell
c) multinucleated cells
d) involuntary control
a) striated
Which of the following is not a connective tissue?
a) blood
b) bone
c) cartilage
d) adipose
e) all of these are connective tissues
e) all of these are connective tissues
Which system(s) help(s) control pH balance?
a) digestive
b) reparatory
c) urinary
d) both b and c
d) both b and c
Which system plays the biggest role in fluid balance?
a) cardiovascular
b) urinary
c) digestive
d) integumentary
b) urinary
Keratinization of epithelial cells occur in which layer of the skin?
a) subcutaneous layer
b) dermis
c) epidermis
d) all of the above
c) epidermis
Which of the following allows rapid change in one direction but does not achieve stability?
a) homeostasis
b) positive feedback
c) negative feedback
d) all of the above
c) negative feedback
Which of the following is an example of negative feedback?
a) Uterine contractions increase as labor progresses
b) Insulin decreases blood sugar levels after a meal is eaten
c) Sweating increases as body temperature drops
d) platelets continue to plug an opening in a blood vessel until blood flow stops
b) Insulin decreases blood sugar levels after a meal is eaten
In what way(s) is blood like tissue?
Blood is like a tissue because it contains similarly specialized cells that perform a common body function. Blood cells are specialized to circulate throughout the body, bringing O2 to the tissues ( red blood cells), preventing the blood from being lost from the body (platelets), and protecting the body from infection (white blood cells).
Which of these homeostatic mechanisms in the body are examples of positive feedback, and which are examples of negative feedback?
a) The adrenal glands produce epinephrine in response to a hormone produced by the pituitary gland in times of stress; the pituitary gland senses the epinephrine in the blood and stops producing the hormone.
B) As the bladder fills with urine, pressure sensors send messages to the brain with increasing frequency, signaling that the bladder must be emptied. The more the bladder fills, the more messages are sent.
C) When you drink an excess of water, specialized cells in your brain, as well as stretch receptors in your heart, detects the increase in blood volume. Both signals are transmitted to the kidneys, which increases the production of urine.
A) positive feedback
B) negative feedback
C) positive feedback
Explain how a failure of homeostasis leads to death
A loss of homeostasis may influence a number of parameters that keep the cells of the body alive (pH, temperature, nutrient concentration). thus leading to tissue and organ failure, and eventually death.
