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Grade 12 Biology (TRU ONLINE LEARNING) > Topic 1.3: Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Topic 1.3: Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of these are not a characteristic of carbon?

a) forms four covalent bonds
b) bonds with other carbon atoms
c) is sometimes ionic
d) can form long chains
e) sometimes shares two pairs if electrons with another atm

A

c) is sometimes ionic

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2
Q

Which of the following reactions combines two monomers to produce a polymer?

a) dehydration
b) hydrolysis
c) phosphorylation
d) none of the above

A

a) dehydration

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3
Q

The monomers of carbohydrates are the

a) polysaccharides
b) disaccharides
c) monosaccharides
d) waxes

A

c) monosaccharides

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4
Q

Which of the following polysaccharides is used as an energy-storage molecule in plants?

a) glycogen
b) chitin
c) starch
d) cellulose

A

c) starch

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5
Q

Fructose and galactose are both isomers of

a) glycogen
b) glucose
c) starch
d) maltose

A

b) glucose

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6
Q

A fatty acid is unsaturated if it

a) contains hydrogen
b) carbon-carbon double bonds
c) contains a carboxyl (acidic) group
d) is bound to a glycerol

A

b) carbon-carbon double bonds

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7
Q

Which of the following is incorrect regarding phospholipids?

a) the heads are polar
b) the tails are non-polar
c) they contain a phosphate group of one fatty acid
d) they are energy storage molecules in the cell

A

d) they are energy storage molecules in the cell

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8
Q

A lipid that contains four fused carbon rings is a

a) triglyceride
b) wax
c) phospholipid
d) steroid

A

d) steroid

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9
Q

The chemical differences between one amino acid and another is due to which of the following?

a) amino group
b) carboxyl group
c) R group
d) peptide bond
e) carbon atoms

A

c) R group

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10
Q

Which of the following levels of protein structure is determined by interactions of more than one polypeptide chain?

a) primary
b) secondary
c) tertiary
d) quaternary

A

D

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10
Q

Which of the following levels of protein structure is determined by interactions of more than one polypeptide chain?

a) primary
b) secondary
c) tertiary
d) quaternary

A

d) quaternary

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11
Q

Which of the following is formed by the linking of two amino acids?

a) a peptide bond
b) a functional group
c) quaternary structure
d) an ionic bond

A

a) a peptide bond

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12
Q

Which of the following is incorrect regarding nucleotides?

a) they contain a sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and a phosphate functional group
b) they are the monomers of fats and polysaccharides
c) they join together by alternating covalent bonds between the sugars and phosphate groups
d) they are present in both DNA and RNA

A

b) they are the monomers of fats and polysaccharides

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13
Q

Which of the following is correct regarding ATP?

a) it is an amino acid
b) it has a helical structure
c) it is a high-energy molecule that can break down to ADP and phosphate
d) it is a nucleotide component of DNA and RNA

A

c) it is a high-energy molecule that can break down to ADP and phosphate

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14
Q

In biology, structure equals function. How does the tremendous variability in the structure of proteins relate to their importance (function) in biological systems?

A

Protein function is dependent on the 3-dimensional shape a protein molecule assumes.

How a polypeptide chain folds into sheets or coils, how parts of the polypeptide chains interact with other parts, and how multiple chains of proteins interact among them-selves all define the shape and ultimately the function of the protein molecules.

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15
Q

Define “Organic Molecules”

A

Organic molecules are usually composed of carbon atoms in rings or long chains, to which are attached other atoms of such elements as hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

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16
Q

Define “ isomers”

A

Molecules that contain exactly the same numbers of the same kinds of atoms, but in which the atoms have different structural arrangements.

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17
Q

Define “functional group”

A

a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic behavior of the class of compounds in which the group occurs, as the hydroxyl group in alcohols.

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18
Q

Define “polymers”

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are refered to as polymers, because they are constructed by linking together the same type of subunit, called a monomer.

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19
Q

Define “monomers”

A

a molecule of low molecular weight capable of reacting with identical or different molecules of low molecular weight to form a polymer.

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20
Q

Explain “Dehydration reaction”

A

Cells have a common way of joining monomers to build polymers. During a dehydration reaction, an -OH (hydroxyl group) and an -H (Hydrogen atom), the equivalent of a water molecule, are removed as the action proceeds.

ie: Water is removed.

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21
Q

Define “Hydrolysis reaction”

A

In which the components of water (-H and -OH) are added.

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22
Q

Describe why organic molecules are considered the molecules of life

A

Organic Molecules contain carbon and hydrogen and are present in living organisms

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23
Q

Describe “Carbohydrates”

A

-Universally used as an energy source for living organisms.
-Play a structural role in woody plants, bacteria, and animals such as insects.
- Carbohydrates on cell surfaces are involved in cell-to-cell recognition.
- The term carbohydrate is literally carbon-water

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24
Q

Define “Monosaccharides”

A

Mono: one
Saccharides: Sugar

They consist of only one sugar molecule and are commonly called simple sugars

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25
Q

What are pentoses and hexoses?

A

Pentoses: Monosaccharide with 5 carbons (pent)
Hexoses: Monosaccharide with 6 carbons (hex)

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26
Q

Explain “Glucose”

A

Glucose is a hexose sugar (Monosaccharide with 6 carbons) and it plays an important role in living organisms.

Our bodies use glucose as an immediate source of energy.

Other monosaccharides include fructose (found in fruits) and galactose (Think lactose; found in milk)

All of these are isomers (Molecules that contain exactly the same numbers of the same kinds of atoms, but in which the atoms have different structural arrangements) with the molecular formula C6H12O6.

Each form a ring structure when placed in water.

27
Q

Define “Disaccharide”

A

Two monosaccharides that have joined during a dehydration reaction.

28
Q

Define “Polysaccharide”

A

Complex carbohydrates.

Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are polysaccharides that contain long chains of glucose subunits.

29
Q

In what form do plants store glucose?

A

Starch: a white, tasteless, solid carbohydrate, (C6H10O5)n, occurring in the form of minute granules in the seeds, tubers, and other parts of plants, and forming an important constituent of rice, corn, wheat, beans, potatoes, and many other vegetable foods.

30
Q

In what form do animals store glucose?

A

Glycogen: a white, tasteless polysaccharide, (C6H10O5)n, molecularly similar to starch, constituting the principal carbohydrate storage material in animals and occurring chiefly in the liver, in muscle, and in fungi and yeasts.

31
Q

Define “Cellulose”

A

an inert carbohydrate, (C6H10O5)n, the chief constituent of the cell walls of plants and of wood, cotton, hemp, paper, etc.

A polysaccharide.

Helps plants stand up-right.

32
Q

Identify the structural element that all carbohydrates have in common.

A

A ring structure of carbons, with each bonded to a -H and -OH group.

33
Q

Explain why starch in plants is a source of glucose for our bodies but cellulose in plants is not.

A

Humans are able to break the bonds between the glucose molecules in starch, but not between the glucose molecules in cellulose.

34
Q

Explain “Lipids”

A

All lipids have a common characteristic: they are hydrophobic molecules that are insoluble in water due to their structure in their hydrocarbon chains.

A group of organic molecules (see also organic molecule) that includes fats, oils, and waxes. Lipids do not dissolve in water. In animals, including humans, lipids store energy and form parts of cell structures, such as cell membranes.

35
Q

What is the difference between fats and oils?

A

Fats tend to be of the animal origin and are solid at room temperature.
ie. butter

Oils tend to be of the plant origin and are liquid at room temperature.
ie. olive oil

36
Q

What is a triglyceride?

A

an ester obtained from glycerol by the esterification of three hydroxyl groups with fatty acids, naturally occurring in animal and vegetable tissues: an important energy source forming much of the fat stored by the body.

A fat molecule is sometimes called a triglyceride because of its 3-part structure.

37
Q

Define “Emulsification”

A

The process of making two liquids into a colloidal suspension, in which particles of one liquid are dispersed throughout the other but not dissolved in it:
The students conducted an experiment to produce hand cream from oil, water, and other ingredients, applying the theory of emulsification.

38
Q

What is a fatty acid?

A

A fatty acid is a hydrocarbon chain that ends with the acidic group -COOH.

Most of the fatty acid cells contain 16 or 18 carbon atoms per molecule .

Fatty acids are either saturated or unsaturated.

39
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A

Saturated fatty acids have NO double bonds between carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are “saturated” with all the hydrogen atoms it can hold.

Saturated fatty acids account for the solid nature at room temperature of fats such as lard and butter.

40
Q

What are unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Unsaturated fatty acids HAVE double bonds between carbon atoms wherever the number of hydrogens is less than two per carbon atom. This produces a bend/kink in the fatty acid chain.

Unsaturated fatty acids account for the liquid nature of vegetable oils at room temperature.

41
Q

Explain “Phospholipids”

A

any of a group of fatty compounds, as lecithin, composed of phosphoric esters, and occurring in living cells.

Essentially, they are constructed like fats, except that in place of the third fatty acid, there is a polar phosphate group or groupings that contain both phosphate and nitrogen.

The phosphate group forms the polar (hydrophilic) head of a molecule, while the rest of the molecule becomes the nonpolar (hydrophobic) tail.

Think: How does soap work?

42
Q

Explain steroids

A

Steroids have a backbone of 4 fused carbon rings.

Any of a large group of fat-soluble organic compounds, as the sterols, bile acids, and sex hormones, most of which have specific physiological action.

43
Q

State the common characteristic of all lipids.

A

All lipids have hydrophobic characteristics and are insoluble in water.

44
Q

Distinguish between the roles of triglycerides and steroids in humans.

A

Triglycerides are used for storage, energy, insulation, and protection of rgans. The presene of the steriod cholesterol in plasma membranes influences their fluidity. It is a precurser for the hormones testosterone and estrogen, as well as bile salts.

45
Q

Explain how the presence of a double bond in an unsaturated fatty acid affects whether that substance is a solid or a liquid.

A

A double bond tends to make fatty acid liquid because it introduces a “kink” in the chain that prevents the fatty acids from packing as tightly together, producing a solid.

46
Q

What are proteins?

A

Proteins are polymers composed of amino acid monomers.

47
Q

What are amino acids?

A

Amino acids have a central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and three functional groups.

One of the groups is an amino group (-NH2) and another is the acidic group (-COOH). The third group is the R group, which determines the uniqueness of each amino acid.

48
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Enzymes act as catalysts, meaning they speed up chemical reactions.

49
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

A polypeptide is a chain of amino acids joined to one another by a peptide bond.

50
Q

Define “Peptide bond”

A

a covalent bond formed by joining the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another, with the removal of a molecule of water.

51
Q

What does it mean for a protein to be “denatured”?

A

When proteins are exposed to extremes in heat and pH, they undergo an irreversible change in shape.

Examples: Acid+Milk= Curdling
Egg+Time+Boiling water= Coagulated egg white

Once a protein loses it’s shape, it loses it’s original function.

ie: Egg no longer equates to future baby chick, but to future eggs benny in my tummy

52
Q

List some of the functions of proteins.

A

Proteins have a variety of functions: enzymes, structural molecules, hormones, transport molecules, and membrane channels.

53
Q

Describe the structure of an amino acid.

A

Each one has an amino group, an acidic group, and an R group bound to a single carbon atom. The R group varies in structure between one amino acid and another.

54
Q

Compare and contrast the four levels of protein structure.

A

Primary: linear sequence of amino acids
Secondary: orientation of polypeptide chain; coiled or folded, determined by hydrogen bonding
Tertiary: three dimensional structure maintained by covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonding
Quaternary: Structure of two or more polypeptides in a protein.

55
Q

What is DNA?

A

Nucleic acid polymer produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar deoxyribose; the genetic material of a living organism.

56
Q

What is RNA?

A

Nucleic acid produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar ribose; occurs in many forms, including messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA.

57
Q

Define “Nucleotide”

A
58
Q

What 4 types of nitrogen-containing bases are in DNA?

A

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

59
Q

What nitrogen-base replaces thymine in RNA?

A

Uracil

60
Q

What is a double helix?

A

Double spiral; describes the 3D shape of DNA

61
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

62
Q

What function does ATP have?

A

Provides readily accessible energy

63
Q

Explain the differences between DNA and RNA

A

DNA is a double-helix molecule that contains the nucleotides adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, while RNA is a single stranded molecule that contains the nucleotides adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil

64
Q

Identify how information is stored in DNA

A

It is stored in the nucleotide bases: A, C, T, and G

65
Q

Describe how information is stored in ATP

A

It is stored in the chemical bonds of the last two phosphate groups.

Grade 12 Biology (TRU ONLINE LEARNING) (17 decks)

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