Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ASC280 Veterinary Diagnostics > Topic 4: Urinalysis > Flashcards

Topic 4: Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

Can collection procedure of urine effect results of analysis?

A

YES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are some methods of urine collection?

A

Voiding (free catch)
Cystocentesis
Urethral catheriterisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a disadvantage to voiding?

A

Contamination from the urethra and genitals. Can be avoided by catching midstream.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Samples from cathertirisation may contain what?

A

Blood and epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When is ideal time to analyze urine?

A

WIthin 30 mins of collection
If not possible, refrigerate and anaylze within 6 - 12 hours
Bring to room remp and mix before anaylsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What can affect urine stability?

A

PH, concentration and presence of bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the physical and chemical properties of urine?

A

Physical:

  • Colour
  • Transperancy
  • Turbidity
  • USH

Chemical:

  • pH
  • protein
  • glucose
  • ketones
  • bilirubin/urobilirubin
  • occult blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the yellow colour of urine associated with?

A

Renal excretion of plasma urochrome, a yellow soluble sulphur-containing oxidation product of a colourless urochromogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are some common causes of increased or abnormal turbidity?

A

Increased cells, numerous crystals, bacteria and lipiduria, presence of mucous, semen and faecel contamination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Colourless urine could indicate?

A

Very dilute - diuretics, diabetes, fluid therapy, overhydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Milky white urine could indicatE?

A

Lipid
Pyuria
Crystals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Yellow or amber urine could indicate?

A

Urochromes

Urobilin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Deep yellow urine could indicate?

A

Highly concentrated

Lrg quantities of riboflavin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is urine specific gravity?

A

Ratio of the density of urine to the density of water.

Used to determine whether concentrating ability is adaquete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Urine is specifically concentrated in animals that are what?

A

Conserving water, dehydrated, hypovolaemic or decreased effective blood curculaing volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a normal dog and cat specific gravity?

A

Dog: 1.016 - 1.060
Cat: 1.020 - 1.040

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are reagent strips used for?

A

To determine chemical evaluations like urine, pH, ketones, protein, glucose, bilirubin and blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Herbivores have alkaline/acidic urine, carnivores have alkaline/acidic urine?

A

Herbivores - alkaline

Carnivores - acidic

19
Q

Why can pH be important?

A

Causes precipitation of some crystals

20
Q

What protein does reagent strip usually detect?

A

Albumin

21
Q

Normal urine should contain how much protein?

A

None to trace

22
Q

WHat are some cases of proteinuria?

A

UTI, haematuria, glomerular disease

23
Q

What are Bence Jones Proteins?

A

Free light chains of immunoglobulins
May be observed in healthy proteins
Increased numbers if there is tubular dysfunction

24
Q

Positive glucose can indicate what?

A

Diabetes
Hyperadrenocoritism
Bacterial cystitis
Stress hypoglycaemia in cats and cattle

25
Q

Ketones are what?

A

By products of fatty acid metabolism

26
Q

Positive ketones can indicate what?

A

Bovine (ketosis)
Pregnancy toxaemia
Diabetes
Starvation or malnutrition

27
Q

What happens when haemoglobin is degraded?

A

Heme portion is converted into bilirubin
Conjugated in liver and excreted in bile
Some conjugated bilirubin is filtered by the glomerulus and excreted in urine

28
Q

When does bilirubinuria occur?

A

When conjugated bilirubin exceeds the renal threshold

29
Q

Positive bilirubin can indicate what?

A

Liver disease

Haemolysis

30
Q

What can heme (blood) on the regaent indicate?

A

Haemorrage
Haemolysis
Skeletal muscle injury

31
Q

How do you prepare urine for microscopic evaluation?

A

Centrifuge
3-5mls
1000-15000rpm for 3-5 mins

Wet Prep: unstained with coverslip
Sedistain: stained with coverslip
Air dried and diff quick

Examination:
100X crystals, cast cells
400X cells bacteria

32
Q

Normal urine should contain how much RBC?

A
33
Q

What type of WBC is usually present in the urine?

A

Neutrophils

34
Q

What can increased WBC indicate?

A

Pyuria due to inflammation, infection, trauma, neoplasia

35
Q

What are the two main varinats of epithelial cells in urine?

A

Squamous (flat cells)

Non- squamous (round central nucelous)

36
Q

What are casts?

A

Elongated, cylindrical structures formed by mucoprotein congealing within renal tubules and may contain cells

37
Q

What type of casts exist?

A 
Hyaline (transparent) 
Epithelia cellular casts
Granular casts
Waxy casts 
WBC or RBC casts
38
Q

What does crystal and uroliths presence depend on?

A

Urine pH
Concentration of crystallogenic substances
Temp
Length of time bewteen collection of examination
SPecies and breed
Presence of bacerial cystitis

39
Q

Struvite crysals?

A 
Magnesium ammonium phosphate 
Colourless, 3D prisms 
Large and readily observed 
Most common 
Formation favoured in neutral to alkaline urine
40
Q

Calcium carbonate crystals?

A 
Variably sized 
Large spheroids with radial striations 
Round to ovoid shapes 
Colourless to yellow brown 
Common in horses, rabbits, goats
41
Q

Calcium oxalate crystals?

A

Dihydrate and monohydrate
DI - Any pH, colourless squares connected by intersecting lines, can be normal and artefact storage

MONO - spindle shapre, variable, urine saturation, urine of healthy horses

42
Q

Cystine crystals?

A

Hexagonal
Flat colourless plates
Aggregate in layers esp in acidic urine
Can be breed specific

43
Q

Uroliths ?

A

Form via a crystal nidus
Named depending on location, components and shape
Most clinical problem related to urethroliths
BLADDER STONES

ASC280 Veterinary Diagnostics (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions