Topic 4: Urinalysis Flashcards by Tianna Gibb

Can collection procedure of urine effect results of analysis?

YES

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What are some methods of urine collection?

Voiding (free catch)
Cystocentesis
Urethral catheriterisation

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What is a disadvantage to voiding?

Contamination from the urethra and genitals. Can be avoided by catching midstream.

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Samples from cathertirisation may contain what?

Blood and epithelial cells

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When is ideal time to analyze urine?

WIthin 30 mins of collection
If not possible, refrigerate and anaylze within 6 - 12 hours
Bring to room remp and mix before anaylsis

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What can affect urine stability?

PH, concentration and presence of bacteria

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What are the physical and chemical properties of urine?

Physical:

Colour
Transperancy
Turbidity
USH

Chemical:

pH
protein
glucose
ketones
bilirubin/urobilirubin
occult blood

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What is the yellow colour of urine associated with?

Renal excretion of plasma urochrome, a yellow soluble sulphur-containing oxidation product of a colourless urochromogen

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What are some common causes of increased or abnormal turbidity?

Increased cells, numerous crystals, bacteria and lipiduria, presence of mucous, semen and faecel contamination

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Colourless urine could indicate?

Very dilute - diuretics, diabetes, fluid therapy, overhydration

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Milky white urine could indicatE?

Lipid
Pyuria
Crystals

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Yellow or amber urine could indicate?

Urochromes

Urobilin

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Deep yellow urine could indicate?

Highly concentrated

Lrg quantities of riboflavin

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What is urine specific gravity?

Ratio of the density of urine to the density of water.

Used to determine whether concentrating ability is adaquete

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Urine is specifically concentrated in animals that are what?

Conserving water, dehydrated, hypovolaemic or decreased effective blood curculaing volume

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What is a normal dog and cat specific gravity?

Dog: 1.016 - 1.060
Cat: 1.020 - 1.040

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What are reagent strips used for?

To determine chemical evaluations like urine, pH, ketones, protein, glucose, bilirubin and blood

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Herbivores have alkaline/acidic urine, carnivores have alkaline/acidic urine?

Herbivores - alkaline

Carnivores - acidic

Why can pH be important?

Causes precipitation of some crystals

What protein does reagent strip usually detect?

Albumin

Normal urine should contain how much protein?

None to trace

WHat are some cases of proteinuria?

UTI, haematuria, glomerular disease

What are Bence Jones Proteins?

Free light chains of immunoglobulins
May be observed in healthy proteins
Increased numbers if there is tubular dysfunction

Positive glucose can indicate what?

Diabetes
Hyperadrenocoritism
Bacterial cystitis
Stress hypoglycaemia in cats and cattle

Ketones are what?

By products of fatty acid metabolism

Positive ketones can indicate what?

Bovine (ketosis) Pregnancy toxaemia Diabetes Starvation or malnutrition

What happens when haemoglobin is degraded?

Heme portion is converted into bilirubin Conjugated in liver and excreted in bile Some conjugated bilirubin is filtered by the glomerulus and excreted in urine

When does bilirubinuria occur?

When conjugated bilirubin exceeds the renal threshold

Positive bilirubin can indicate what?

Liver disease | Haemolysis

What can heme (blood) on the regaent indicate?

Haemorrage Haemolysis Skeletal muscle injury

How do you prepare urine for microscopic evaluation?

Centrifuge 3-5mls 1000-15000rpm for 3-5 mins Wet Prep: unstained with coverslip Sedistain: stained with coverslip Air dried and diff quick Examination: 100X crystals, cast cells 400X cells bacteria

Normal urine should contain how much RBC?

What type of WBC is usually present in the urine?

Neutrophils

What can increased WBC indicate?

Pyuria due to inflammation, infection, trauma, neoplasia

What are the two main varinats of epithelial cells in urine?

Squamous (flat cells) | Non- squamous (round central nucelous)

What are casts?

Elongated, cylindrical structures formed by mucoprotein congealing within renal tubules and may contain cells

What type of casts exist?

``` Hyaline (transparent) Epithelia cellular casts Granular casts Waxy casts WBC or RBC casts ```

What does crystal and uroliths presence depend on?

Urine pH Concentration of crystallogenic substances Temp Length of time bewteen collection of examination SPecies and breed Presence of bacerial cystitis

Struvite crysals?

``` Magnesium ammonium phosphate Colourless, 3D prisms Large and readily observed Most common Formation favoured in neutral to alkaline urine ```

Calcium carbonate crystals?

``` Variably sized Large spheroids with radial striations Round to ovoid shapes Colourless to yellow brown Common in horses, rabbits, goats ```

Calcium oxalate crystals?

Dihydrate and monohydrate DI - Any pH, colourless squares connected by intersecting lines, can be normal and artefact storage MONO - spindle shapre, variable, urine saturation, urine of healthy horses

Cystine crystals?

Hexagonal Flat colourless plates Aggregate in layers esp in acidic urine Can be breed specific

Uroliths ?

Form via a crystal nidus Named depending on location, components and shape Most clinical problem related to urethroliths BLADDER STONES