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ASC280 Veterinary Diagnostics > Topic 3: Immunology > Flashcards

Topic 3: Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the immune system do?

A
  • Protect against pathogens
  • Localise or destroy rapidly dividing cells
  • Repair wound or tissue
  • Tissue, organ maintenance and homeostasis
  • Respond to abnormal or foreign reaction or tissue
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2
Q

What are the components of the immune system?

A
  • Leucocytes
  • Thymus
  • Lymph nodes
  • Spleen
  • Tonsils
  • Adenoids
  • Peyer’s patches
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3
Q

What are the two parts of the immune system?

A

Adaptive and innate

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4
Q

What does the innate immune system do?

A
  • Non specific response
  • Involves physical and chemical barriers to prevent tissue injury and infection
  • Activated immediaetly
  • Exposure to: noxious material, micro organisms, infectious agents, chemical irritants, tissue injury.
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5
Q

What do mechanical factors in the innate immune system consist of?

A 
Skin
Mucous membranes 
Tears
Saliva 
Gastric juices
Urine
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6
Q

What do chemical factors in the innate immune system consist of?

A

Skin (sebacous secretions, sweat - acidic pH)
Mucous membranes
HCl (stomach)
Lysozymes - breakdown cell walls

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7
Q

Whare are some other non-specific immune responses?

A

Inflammation - response to tissue injury
Fever - inhibits some temp sensitive microbes and stimulates body’s defence mechanisms
Interferons - proteins that defend against viruses
Complement system - inactive plasma proteins that destroy foreign cells
Natrual Killer cells - important against cancer cells/viruses

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8
Q

What are NK cells?

A

Natrual Killer cells are lymphocyte like cells that lyse and destroy viruse and cancer cells.

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9
Q

What are symbiotic bacteria?

A

Exist in the digestive system, on skin and female repro tract.
Synthesise vitamins, inhibit growth of potential pathogens

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10
Q

What is the adaptive immune system?

A

Has the ability to respond specifically to antigens

Two parts: humoral and cell mediated

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11
Q

What are the three major classes of lymphocytes?

A

B cells
T cells
Null cells

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12
Q

What is the humoral system made up of?

A

B cells (B lymphocytes)

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13
Q

Where are B cells produced?

A

Bone marrow of the long and flat bones

Peyer’s Patches

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14
Q

What are Peyer’s Patches?

A

Series of elongated thickening of lymphoid tissue in the walls of the intestines near the ileum and colon junction

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15
Q

What are the two main functions of B cells?

A

Secreting antibodies that bind specifically to antigens

Acting as antigen presenting cells

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16
Q

B cells produce and secrete what?

A

Antibodies, also known as immunogoblins (Ig) which bring out humoral immunity

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17
Q

Antibodies are the product of what?

A

B lymphocytes

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18
Q

How are antibodies formed?

A

When a B cell comes into contact with an antigen, which stimulates the B cell to either mature in to a plasma cell or become a memory cell

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19
Q

What do plasma cells do?

A

Produce and secrete antibodies

Lives 5 - 7 days

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20
Q

What do memory cells do?

A

Remain dormant
Form clones ready for repeated attack
Do not participate in current immune attack

21
Q

What are the five subclasses of antibodies/immunogoblibs?

A 
IgM
IgG
IgE
IgA
IgD
22
Q

What does IgM do?

A 
First antibody secreted 
Primary AB response 
Activates complement proteins 
5 - 10% in colostrum 
Large sized molecule so remains in blood vessells
23
Q

What does IgG do?

A

Most abundant - second exposure
Produced in large quantities (larger than first)
Enahnces NK cells
80 - 90% in colostrum
Derived from blood
Cross walls of blood vessels and enter tissues

24
Q

What does IgE do?

A

Allergic response

Binds to baso/eosinophils and mast cells

25
Q

What does IgA do?

A

Defend invasion through mucousal membranes
Present in blood and milk
Found in body secretions eg salvia, tears

26
Q

What does IgD do?

A

Present on surface of many B cells as an antigen receptor

27
Q

What shape is an antibody?

A

Y shaped
Composed of four polypeptide chains interlinked by disulfide bonds
“Two arms and a tail”

28
Q

What do the characterisitics of the arm regions of an antibody determine?

A

What antigen will bind to that antibody, known as its specificity

29
Q

What are T cells and where are they produced?

A

T Lymphocyte

Produced from lymphoid stem cells in bone marrow and travel to the thymus where they begin developing into T cells

30
Q

What happens to T cells who lose the CD8 marker and express the CD4 marker?

A

Become T helper cells

31
Q

What happens to T cells who lose the CD4 marker and express the CD8 marker?

A

Become cytotoxic cells

32
Q

What do T Helper cells do?

A

Secrete cytokines and provide help to other arms of immune system

33
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

A

Kill infected or abnormal cells directly with the help of perforins and cytotoxic enzymes

34
Q

What is immunisation?

A

Having developed immunity to a pathogen

35
Q

What is narual immunisation?

A

Pathogen enters the body natrually and body sets up immune response

36
Q

What is Artificial immunity?

A

Vaccination

37
Q

Active immunity is?

A

Developed upon exposure to a pathogen either natrually or artificially - creating self protection

38
Q

Passive immunity is?

A

Introduction of ready made antibodies into an animal
Immune system does not have to respond as ABs already present to respond
Passed on to newborns - transfer of IgG across placenta and IgG, IgM and IgA through colostrum

39
Q

What is colostrum?

A

First milk produced
Important for survival of newborn
Contains high conc of immunogloblins esp IgG

40
Q

Live vaccines contain …

A

Weakened, non-virulent strains of the disease

Gives animal mild form of disease

41
Q

Inactivated vaccines contain …

A

Killed disease organism or parts of the toxin whch produces the disease
DOes not give animal the disease

42
Q

How long after the vaccination does it take to produce the initial immune response?

A

2 weeks

43
Q

In a test kit, sensitivty and specificity refer to what?

A

Sensitivity: ability of the trst to correctly identify all animals that are truly positive to a given reaction procedure

Specificity: Measure of the numbers of false positives produced with a given reaction procedure

44
Q

How to prepare for serological samples?

A

Centrifuge for 10 mins

Can sit at room temp for 20 to 30 mins (clots)

45
Q

What are some humoral immunity tests?

A

ELISA
Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Latex Agglutination Testing
Rapid Immunomigration and Immunochromatography

46
Q

What is the ELISA tesT?

A

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Detect specific antigens
Test antibodies

Solid phase - well, membrane or strip
Conjugate - conjugate enzyme is embredded on solid phase
Chromogen - photosensitive reagent - colour change

47
Q

What is the competitive ELISA?

A

Involves the use of an enzyme-labelled antigen as well as monoclonal antibodies.

If antigen is present in the sample being tested, its competes with enzyme labelled antigens for the ABs that coat the test walls.

48
Q

What is Latex Agglutination Testin?

A

Adding a specific antigen to the test sample - if sample contains AB, agglutination occurs

49
Q

What is Rapid Immunomigration and Immunochromatography?

A

Similar to ELISA but gold staining is used to replace chromogen.

ASC280 Veterinary Diagnostics (6 decks)

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