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ASC280 Veterinary Diagnostics > Topic 2: Haematology > Flashcards

Topic 2: Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

What are blood groups determined by?

A

Presence of antigenic substance on red blood cell

Specific antigen = blood type

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2
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Large Y shaped proteins which help to identify and remove foreign antigens or targets eg bacteria

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3
Q

What are antigens?

A

Molecules capable of inducing an immune response

Substance that causes an immune system to produce antibodies against it.

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4
Q

What are alloantibodies?

A

Antibody that reacts with an antigen from a genetically different indicudial of the same species

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5
Q

If you transfure an animal with one type of blood with another type, there reaction depends on what?

A
  • Species
  • Blood type
  • If transfusion has occured before
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6
Q

What can happen if you transfuse an animal with one type of blood with another type?

A
  • Antigen: antibody complex (binding of an antibody and antigen)
  • Self - agglutanation (agglutination means clumping of particles)
  • Complement cascade
  • Clinical signs
  • Shock
  • Death
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7
Q

How does agglutination occur?

A

If an antigen is mixed with its corresponding antibody

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8
Q

Do dogs have alloantigens? What does this mean?

A

NO.

Means that a dog that has never been transfused does not require a cross match.

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9
Q

Is cross match recommended in previously transfused dogs?

A

Yes

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10
Q

What are the blood groups for dogs?

A

DEA 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

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11
Q

Which canine blood group is the strongest antigen type?

A

DEA 1.1

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12
Q

What is the incidence of DEA 1.1?

A

45%

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13
Q

What is the incidence of DEA 1.2?

A

20%

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14
Q

What is specific about DEA 1.3?

A

Common in Aus, only in german shephards

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15
Q

What blood group are greyhounds typically?

A

DEAD 1.1 neg

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16
Q

What are the recognized feline blood groups?

A

A, B, AB

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17
Q

Which blood type is most common in felines?

A

A, over 70%

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18
Q

Which blood type in felines is more common in specific breeds?

A

B

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19
Q

Type A is dominant over Type B in felines T or F?

A

True

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20
Q

Type A cats may be hetero or homo zygous?

A

Yes.
Hetereozygous: 2 different allelles for a gene
Homozygous: 2 of the same allele

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21
Q

Type B cats are homozygous?

A

Yes

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22
Q

What happens if you give a type B cat type A blood?

A

Life threatening acute haemolytic transfusion reactions

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23
Q

What happens if you give a type A cat AB or B blood?

A

Potential risk of acute mild transfusion reaction and premature red cell destruction

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24
Q

What happens if you give a AB type cat A or B blood?

A

Nothing

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25
What are the 7 different equine blood types?
A, C, D, K, P, Q, U
26
Which equine blood types are most antigenic?
Aa and Q - most universal (neg)
27
What methods can be used for blood typing?
- Typing cards: cats and dogs. - Coombs test - Gel column agglutatination
28
How does the gel column agglutination work?
Unagglutinated cells pass through the gel and pellet at the bottom of the microtube, while large agglutinates remain suspended in the gel, allowing easier ID of a reaction
29
How does the Coombs test work?
- recipients serum is obtained, containing antibodies - donors blood sample is added to the tube with serum - recipients Igs that target the donors RBCs form antibody antigen complexes - anti - human Igs are added to solution - Agglutination of RBCs occur becuase humans Igs are attached to RBCs
30
What does a cross match detect?
Compatibility between the recipient and the potential blood donor. Two diff types: major and minor
31
What does major cross match determine?
Compatibility between donor RBC and recipient
32
What does minor cross match determine?
Compatibility between the donor plasma and recipient
33
What is Plasma?
Fluid portion of whole blood in which the cells are suspended. Comprised of water and dissolved constituents inc protein CHO lipids vitamins hormones enzymes minerals anitbodies etc
34
What is serum?
Plasma from which the plasma protein, fibrinogen has been removed
35
When is anticoagulants used and how does anticoagulation occur?
Used when whole blood or plasma samples are needed. | Occurs by binding Ca ions or by inhibiting thrombin activity
36
What anticoagulants are used?
Heparin, EDTA, Sodium citrate, Sodium Fluoride
37
What is heparin good for?
Blood chemistry eg pH blood gases
38
What is EDTA good for?
Blood studies - allows for proper staining of the cells and doesnt cause clumping of leukocytes Chelates calcium
39
What is sodium citrate good for?
Coagulation studies because its effect is reverisble by addition of Ca
40
What is sodium fluoride good for?
Glucose estimations
41
What are some problems associated with blood sample collection?
Difficult venipuncture Low sample volume Inappropriate handling and mixing with anticoagulant
42
What age related problems can occur with RBCs?
Crenation Lysis Haemoglobin crystillisation Swell with storage
43
What age related problems can occur with WBCs?
Swelling and smoothing of the nuclear chromatin Pyknosis and karyhorrhexis of nuclei Cell smudging Prominence of Dohle bodies
44
In a full haematological examination, what parameters should it contain?
- RBC count - PCV/HCT - Hb - MCV (mean cell volume) - MCHC (mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration) - WBC count - Pletlet count - Morphology of RBC WBC platlets
45
What is Packed Cell Volume?
Precentage of RBC in a specific volume of blood
46
What is the normal PCV for an animal and when will this increase and decrease?
40% Increase if animal is dehydrated Decrease if animal is anemic
47
What is anemia?
Decrease in the O2 carrying capacity of blood characterised by decreased numbers of RBCs or Hb concentration in blood.
48
What is polycythaemia?
Erythrocyte mass increases. | Opposite of anemia.
49
What is MCV and what does it do?
Mean Cell Volume | Indicates RBC size
50
How is MCV measured?
Analyser | From PCV and RBC count
51
How can MCV be classed?
Normocytic Macrocytic Microcytic
52
What is MCHC and what does it do?
Mean Cell Haemoglobin Concentration | AMount of Hb in specific volume of blood
53
How can MCHC be classed?
Hypochromic Normochronic Hyperchromic
54
What is RWC and what does it do?
Red cell width | Describes variation on RBC shape
55
What is reticulocyte count?
Count of the number of immature forms of the RBC per a specific total number of RBC. Used to characterize the type of anaemia in an animal
56
What are the three classes of Plasma Protein?
- Albumins - Globulins - Fibrinogen
57
What do albumins do?
60% of the plasma proteins Main regulators of blood osmotic pressure AId in keeping fluid within the blood vessels Transport chemicals in blood
58
What do Globulins do?
35% of the plasma proteins Enzymatic functions Transport lipids, steroid hormones etc ANtibodies
59
What do fibrinogens do?
CLotting process | Synthesised by liver
60
What are some haematological stains?
- Romanowsky Type stains - Reticulocyte stain - New-methylene Blue - Iron stains
61
What is a haemocytometer used for?
WBC count

ASC280 Veterinary Diagnostics (6 decks)

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