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ASC280 Veterinary Diagnostics > Topic 2: Haematology > Flashcards

Topic 2: Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

What are blood groups determined by?

A

Presence of antigenic substance on red blood cell

Specific antigen = blood type

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2
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Large Y shaped proteins which help to identify and remove foreign antigens or targets eg bacteria

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3
Q

What are antigens?

A

Molecules capable of inducing an immune response

Substance that causes an immune system to produce antibodies against it.

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4
Q

What are alloantibodies?

A

Antibody that reacts with an antigen from a genetically different indicudial of the same species

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5
Q

If you transfure an animal with one type of blood with another type, there reaction depends on what?

A
  • Species
  • Blood type
  • If transfusion has occured before
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6
Q

What can happen if you transfuse an animal with one type of blood with another type?

A
  • Antigen: antibody complex (binding of an antibody and antigen)
  • Self - agglutanation (agglutination means clumping of particles)
  • Complement cascade
  • Clinical signs
  • Shock
  • Death
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7
Q

How does agglutination occur?

A

If an antigen is mixed with its corresponding antibody

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8
Q

Do dogs have alloantigens? What does this mean?

A

NO.

Means that a dog that has never been transfused does not require a cross match.

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9
Q

Is cross match recommended in previously transfused dogs?

A

Yes

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10
Q

What are the blood groups for dogs?

A

DEA 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

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11
Q

Which canine blood group is the strongest antigen type?

A

DEA 1.1

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12
Q

What is the incidence of DEA 1.1?

A

45%

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13
Q

What is the incidence of DEA 1.2?

A

20%

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14
Q

What is specific about DEA 1.3?

A

Common in Aus, only in german shephards

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15
Q

What blood group are greyhounds typically?

A

DEAD 1.1 neg

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16
Q

What are the recognized feline blood groups?

A

A, B, AB

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17
Q

Which blood type is most common in felines?

A

A, over 70%

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18
Q

Which blood type in felines is more common in specific breeds?

A

B

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19
Q

Type A is dominant over Type B in felines T or F?

A

True

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20
Q

Type A cats may be hetero or homo zygous?

A

Yes.
Hetereozygous: 2 different allelles for a gene
Homozygous: 2 of the same allele

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21
Q

Type B cats are homozygous?

A

Yes

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22
Q

What happens if you give a type B cat type A blood?

A

Life threatening acute haemolytic transfusion reactions

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23
Q

What happens if you give a type A cat AB or B blood?

A

Potential risk of acute mild transfusion reaction and premature red cell destruction

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24
Q

What happens if you give a AB type cat A or B blood?

A

Nothing

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25
Q

What are the 7 different equine blood types?

A

A, C, D, K, P, Q, U

26
Q

Which equine blood types are most antigenic?

A

Aa and Q - most universal (neg)

27
Q

What methods can be used for blood typing?

A
  • Typing cards: cats and dogs.
  • Coombs test
  • Gel column agglutatination
28
Q

How does the gel column agglutination work?

A

Unagglutinated cells pass through the gel and pellet at the bottom of the microtube, while large agglutinates remain suspended in the gel, allowing easier ID of a reaction

29
Q

How does the Coombs test work?

A
  • recipients serum is obtained, containing antibodies
  • donors blood sample is added to the tube with serum
  • recipients Igs that target the donors RBCs form antibody antigen complexes
  • anti - human Igs are added to solution
  • Agglutination of RBCs occur becuase humans Igs are attached to RBCs
30
Q

What does a cross match detect?

A

Compatibility between the recipient and the potential blood donor.
Two diff types: major and minor

31
Q

What does major cross match determine?

A

Compatibility between donor RBC and recipient

32
Q

What does minor cross match determine?

A

Compatibility between the donor plasma and recipient

33
Q

What is Plasma?

A

Fluid portion of whole blood in which the cells are suspended. Comprised of water and dissolved constituents inc protein CHO lipids vitamins hormones enzymes minerals anitbodies etc

34
Q

What is serum?

A

Plasma from which the plasma protein, fibrinogen has been removed

35
Q

When is anticoagulants used and how does anticoagulation occur?

A

Used when whole blood or plasma samples are needed.

Occurs by binding Ca ions or by inhibiting thrombin activity

36
Q

What anticoagulants are used?

A

Heparin, EDTA, Sodium citrate, Sodium Fluoride

37
Q

What is heparin good for?

A

Blood chemistry eg pH blood gases

38
Q

What is EDTA good for?

A

Blood studies - allows for proper staining of the cells and doesnt cause clumping of leukocytes
Chelates calcium

39
Q

What is sodium citrate good for?

A

Coagulation studies because its effect is reverisble by addition of Ca

40
Q

What is sodium fluoride good for?

A

Glucose estimations

41
Q

What are some problems associated with blood sample collection?

A

Difficult venipuncture
Low sample volume
Inappropriate handling and mixing with anticoagulant

42
Q

What age related problems can occur with RBCs?

A

Crenation
Lysis
Haemoglobin crystillisation
Swell with storage

43
Q

What age related problems can occur with WBCs?

A

Swelling and smoothing of the nuclear chromatin
Pyknosis and karyhorrhexis of nuclei
Cell smudging
Prominence of Dohle bodies

44
Q

In a full haematological examination, what parameters should it contain?

A
  • RBC count
  • PCV/HCT
  • Hb
  • MCV (mean cell volume)
  • MCHC (mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration)
  • WBC count
  • Pletlet count
  • Morphology of RBC WBC platlets
45
Q

What is Packed Cell Volume?

A

Precentage of RBC in a specific volume of blood

46
Q

What is the normal PCV for an animal and when will this increase and decrease?

A

40%
Increase if animal is dehydrated
Decrease if animal is anemic

47
Q

What is anemia?

A

Decrease in the O2 carrying capacity of blood characterised by decreased numbers of RBCs or Hb concentration in blood.

48
Q

What is polycythaemia?

A

Erythrocyte mass increases.

Opposite of anemia.

49
Q

What is MCV and what does it do?

A

Mean Cell Volume

Indicates RBC size

50
Q

How is MCV measured?

A

Analyser

From PCV and RBC count

51
Q

How can MCV be classed?

A

Normocytic
Macrocytic
Microcytic

52
Q

What is MCHC and what does it do?

A

Mean Cell Haemoglobin Concentration

AMount of Hb in specific volume of blood

53
Q

How can MCHC be classed?

A

Hypochromic
Normochronic
Hyperchromic

54
Q

What is RWC and what does it do?

A

Red cell width

Describes variation on RBC shape

55
Q

What is reticulocyte count?

A

Count of the number of immature forms of the RBC per a specific total number of RBC. Used to characterize the type of anaemia in an animal

56
Q

What are the three classes of Plasma Protein?

A
  • Albumins
  • Globulins
  • Fibrinogen
57
Q

What do albumins do?

A

60% of the plasma proteins
Main regulators of blood osmotic pressure
AId in keeping fluid within the blood vessels
Transport chemicals in blood

58
Q

What do Globulins do?

A

35% of the plasma proteins
Enzymatic functions
Transport lipids, steroid hormones etc
ANtibodies

59
Q

What do fibrinogens do?

A

CLotting process

Synthesised by liver

60
Q

What are some haematological stains?

A
  • Romanowsky Type stains
  • Reticulocyte stain
  • New-methylene Blue
  • Iron stains
61
Q

What is a haemocytometer used for?

A

WBC count

ASC280 Veterinary Diagnostics (6 decks)

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