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PSYCO 104 Basic Psychological Processes > Topic 4 - Sensation & Perception > Flashcards

Topic 4 - Sensation & Perception Flashcards

1
Q

What does sensation refer to?

A

Information from the external world.

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2
Q

What is perception?

A

The decision-making process around sensation.

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3
Q

What is transduction?

A

The conversion of outside signals into bodily sensations.

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4
Q

What are the body’s sensory transducers?

A
  • Eyes
  • Ears
  • Nose
  • Tongue
  • Skin
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5
Q

What are far senses?

A

Senses that can take place over vast distances, like sight.

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6
Q

What are near senses?

A

Senses that happen at the point of contact, like taste or touch.

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7
Q

What is symbolism?

A

Selecting and recoding our environment symbolically.

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8
Q

What is organization?

A

How every body part is exquisitely arranged.

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9
Q

What are feature detectors?

A

Neurons coded to sensory-specific stimuli.

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10
Q

What do simple cells respond to?

A

Single features, like size, orientation, or colour.

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11
Q

What do complex cells respond to?

A

A combination of features, like orientation and direction.

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12
Q

What do end-stopped cells respond to?

A

Orientation, direction, and size.

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13
Q

What is selectivity?

A

How individual cells prefer certain types of stimulation over others. It also happens at the sensory level.

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14
Q

What do hierarchies refer to?

A

A series of stages in perceptual processing.

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15
Q

What does tailoring refer to?

A

How features adapt to the environment we live in.

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16
Q

What are thresholds?

A

Limits to our perception.

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17
Q

What is the absolute threshold?

A

The minimum amount of stimulation required to invoke a perceptual sensation.

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18
Q

What is the just noticeable difference?

A

The minimum amount of differential stimulation required to note a change between sensations.

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19
Q

What is sensory adaptation?

A

Reduction in sensitivity to a stimulus after constant exposure to it.

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20
Q

What does decision rules refer to?

A

That perception involves making decisions, either ambiguous or incomplete.

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21
Q

How does light enter the eye?

A

Reflecting off objects, it travels in a straight line very fast into the pupil, bends around the lens, and converging on the retina.

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22
Q

What is the sclera?

A

The protective layer of the eye.

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23
Q

What is the cornea?

A

The part of the eye that allows light in.

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24
Q

What is the iris?

A

The part of the eye that has colour and controls the size of the pupil.

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25
Q

What is the pupil?

A

The center of the iris that either dilates or constricts.

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26
Q

What is the lens?

A

The part of the eye that focuses light.

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27
Q

What is the retina?

A

The light sensitive cells at the back of the eye.

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28
Q

How many cones are there in the eye and what are they geared to?

A

6 million, geared to small field size, good resolution, poor sensitivity, and light spaces.

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29
Q

How many rods are there in the eye and what are they geared to?

A

120 million, geared to large field size, poor resolution, high sensitivity, and dim spaces.

30
Q

What is the journey through the eye?

A

Ganglion cells –> amacrine cells –> bipolar cells –> OR rods and cones –> horizontal cells –> rods and cones.

31
Q

How many different pigments can most humans see?

A

3, R, G, and B.

32
Q

What size wavelengths are B pigments geared to?

A

Small wavelengths.

33
Q

What size wavelengths are G pigments geared to?

A

Medium wavelengths.

34
Q

What size wavelengths are R pigments geared to?

A

Large wavelengths.

35
Q

What cones do dichromates possess?

A

G and R.

36
Q

How many pigments can tetrachromats see?

A

4.

37
Q

What does opponency theory deal with?

A

How the primary pigments interact to create colour.

38
Q

What does the Ishashara test do?

A

Assesses difficulties in colour processing.

39
Q

What is specificity coding?

A

Consideration of single stimuli in single neurons.

40
Q

What is population coding?

A

Consideration of a single stimuli over multiple neurons.

41
Q

What is sparse coding?

A

A cross between specificity and population coding.

42
Q

What are Gestalt principles?

A

A set of organizational heuristics, that may not be applicable all of the time.

43
Q

What is similarity?

A

The tendency of similar things to be grouped together.

44
Q

What is good continuation?

A

The idea that points that result in straight or smoothly curving lines belong together.

45
Q

What is common fate?

A

The idea of things moving in the same direction are grouped together.

46
Q

What is familiarity?

A

The idea that grouping is more likely when we recognize what we see.

47
Q

What are the two properties of a waveform?

A

Not perceptual properties:

  • Amplitude
  • Frequency
48
Q

What is amplitude?

A

The height of the waveform, loudness.

49
Q

What is frequency?

A

The length of the waveform, pitch.

50
Q

What unit is sound expressed in?

A

Decibels, dB.

51
Q

What can the outer ear be seen as?

A

A directional microphone.

52
Q

What are pinna?

A

Exquisitely organized flaps on the side of the ear.

53
Q

What does the ear drum do?

A

Helps to transduce and displaces sound.

54
Q

What is cerumen?

A

Ear wax, involved in cleaning the ear.

55
Q

What does the middle ear help with?

A

Impedence matching and overload protection.

56
Q

What are the hammer, anvil, and stirrups?

A

Bones that transmit vibration from large to small areas.

57
Q

What does the inner ear help with?

A

Frequency analysis.

58
Q

How is the basilar membrane organized?

A

Lower frequencies at the apex and higher frequencies at the base.

59
Q

What does azimuth refer to?

A

The location of sound from left to right.

60
Q

What does elevation refer to?

A

The location of sound from down to up.

61
Q

What does distance refer to?

A

The location of sound from front to back.

62
Q

What is the fifth primary taste?

A

Umami.

63
Q

Where are taste buds located?

A

Tongue, throat, mouth roof, and cheek.

64
Q

What are the steps for smell?

A
  1. Odours enter through the nose or throat.
  2. Sniffed air passes through baffles that warm air and get rid of dust.
  3. Odourant is bound to proteins, attaching them to mucus layers on the epithelium.
  4. To the olfactory bulb then to the tract.
65
Q

How many odour molecules make the full journey?

A

2%.

66
Q

How long does it take for olfactory neurons to be replaced?

A

4-8 weeks.

67
Q

What is the largest organ and what are its layers?

A

Skin:

  • Epidermis
  • Dermis
68
Q

What sensation do free nerve endings evoke?

A

“Ouch.”

69
Q

What type of pressure are Pacinian corpuscles sensitive to?

A

Deep pressure.

70
Q

What type of pressure are Meissner corpuscles sensitive to?

A

Light touch.

71
Q

What does the Spinal Gate Theory of Pain state?

A

That the spinal cord that either allows or doesn’t allow pain to the brain.

PSYCO 104 Basic Psychological Processes (4 decks)

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