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PSYCO 104 Basic Psychological Processes > Topic 1 - The Science of Behaviour > Flashcards

Topic 1 - The Science of Behaviour Flashcards

This deck contains all material from Topic 1 - The Science of Behaviour in Ben Dyson's PSYCO 104 class. This deck has an emphasis on material overlap between textbook and lecture.

1
Q

What is folk wisdom?

A

Knowledge acquired through personal experience.

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2
Q

What is contemporary psychology?

A

Conclusions drawn from rigorous data about human behaviour.

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3
Q

What must be evaluated to constitute critical thinking?

A
  • The claim.
  • The source.
  • The evidence.
  • Alternative explanations.
  • What the most appropriate conclusion is.
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4
Q

What is naive realism?

A

Perceiving the world from one perspective, but others may see the world differently. There may be multiple interpretations of the same information.

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5
Q

What is pareidolia?

A

Seeing patterns that don’t actually exist.

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6
Q

What are logical fallacies?

A

Failing to think rationally because human reason is classically bounded.

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7
Q

What is pseudoscience?

A

Things made to look like science that aren’t actually scientific, like astrology.

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8
Q

What is the bandwagon fallacy?

A

Believing something because many others believe it to be true.

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9
Q

What is the either-or fallacy?

A

Believing one of two equally extreme positions.

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10
Q

What is the appeal to authority fallacy?

A

Accepting a claim because a higher power endorses it.

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11
Q

What is the appeal to ignorance fallacy?

A

Accepting a claim because no-one has proven it to be false.

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12
Q

What is the argument from antiquity fallacy?

A

Believing a claim is true just because it’s been around for a long time.

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13
Q

What is the not-me fallacy?

A

When you believe that none of the other fallacies apply to you.

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14
Q

What are the six fallacies available to us?

A
  • Bandwagon
  • Either-or
  • Appeal to authority
  • Appeal to ignorance
  • Argument from antiquity
  • Not-me
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15
Q

What is ad-hoc immunization?

A

A loophole that protects a theory from being rejected.

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16
Q

What are anecdotes?

A

Small sample sizes and observations disguised as evidence.

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17
Q

What is absence of connectivity?

A

When bridges are built between observations and theory.

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18
Q

What is lack of review?

A

When research may not have been sufficiently reviewed or the researchers have vested interests.

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19
Q

What are exaggerated claims?

A

Claims made that require extraordinary evidence to be proven.

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20
Q

What is lack of self-correction?

A

Failure to acknowledge contrary evidence.

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21
Q

What is psychobabble?

A

Unnecessarily complex or scientific language.

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22
Q

What is proof, not evidence?

A

It is sometimes impossible to marshall enough hard evidence to prove a claim.

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23
Q

What two things do good theories do?

A
  • Consolidate previous observations

- Generate future hypotheses

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24
Q

What does Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) do?

A

Disrupting brain activity by sending weak magnetic fields across the cortical surface.

25
Q

What do Event-Related Potentials (ERP) do?

A

Record weak electrical fields generated by neural ensembles permeating the skull.

26
Q

What is Positron Emission Topography (PET)?

A

Glucose uptake related to increased brain activity, related to ingestion of a radioactive tag.

27
Q

What does Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) do?

A

Records bold signal on the principle that oxygenated blood has different magnetic properties than deoxygenated blood.

28
Q

What does rival hypothesis mean?

A

Findings consistent with several hypotheses need research to rule certain ones out.

29
Q

What does correlation vs. causation mean?

A

Association between two things doesn’t may not imply a cause and effect relationship.

30
Q

What is falsifiability?

A

The idea that claims must be able to be disproved.

31
Q

What is replicability?

A

The idea that findings must be able to be duplicated using the same methodology.

32
Q

What are extraordinary claims?

A

The idea that a claim contradicting previous knowledge must have a lot of evidence to back it up.

33
Q

What is Occam’s Razor?

A

The principle that when presented with two hypotheses that explain a phenomenon equally well, the simpler one is to be chosen.

34
Q

Why is psychology difficult?

A

There are many different ways to explain mental issues.

35
Q

How can psychological issues be broadly categorized?

A
  • Environmental influences
  • Psychological influences
  • Biological influences
36
Q

What is the common thread between all scientific disciplines?

A

They all must follow the scientific method.

37
Q

What are the three kinds of professional psychology?

A
  • Clinical psychology
  • Research psychology
  • Applied psychology
38
Q

Who was a significant dualist?

A

Rene Descartes.

39
Q

What is dualism?

A

The belief that the mind and brain are made of “separate stuff.”

40
Q

What is monism?

A

The belief that the mind and brain are one. This is the common belief in modern psychology.

41
Q

What is the pineal gland?

A

A small gland at the back of the head that helps regulate hormones.

42
Q

What did the nativists believe?

A

That people are the way they are by birth.

43
Q

What did the empiricists believe?

A

That people are a product of the circumstances in which they were raised.

44
Q

What did Darwin believe?

A

Natural selection, that behaviours and organisms have an adaptive value.

45
Q

What is functionalism?

A

A theory posited by James that seeks to analyze consciousness in terms of its functions rather than its structure. Thinking about “why” and “how” things are the way they are, rather than “what”

46
Q

What is structuralism?

A

The analysis of the mind in terms of its basic elements. Titchener believed in this.

47
Q

What did Wundt believe?

A

The scientific method, and created the world’s first psychology laboratory.

48
Q

What did Calkins believe?

A

In introspection, and was the first female to run a psychology laboratory.

49
Q

What is introspection?

A

The idea of looking within to answer psychological questions.

50
Q

What three statements did behaviourism make?

A
  • The study of the mind is out of the remit of science
  • Introspection is hard to verify
  • The only thing behaviourists can measure is behaviour
51
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learning by association, posited by Watson.

52
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Learning through reward and punishment, posited by Skinner.

53
Q

What is the behavioural perspective?

A

The psychological perspective that focuses on the outside environment in governing our actions.

54
Q

What is the psychodynamic perspective?

A

The psychological perspective associated with Freud that involves looking at the causes of behaviour in the inner-workings of our consciousness.

55
Q

What is the humanistic perspective?

A

The psychological perspective associated with Maslow that emphasizes free will and self-actualization.

56
Q

What is the cognitive perspective?

A

The psychological perspective that examines the nature of the mind and how mental processes influence behaviour. Posited by Neisser.

57
Q

What is the sociocultural perspective?

A

The psychological perspective that examines how our social environment and cultural feelings influence our thoughts, feelings, and behaviour.

58
Q

What is the biological perspective?

A

The psychological perspective that examines how brain processes and other bodily functions regulate behaviour.

PSYCO 104 Basic Psychological Processes (4 decks)

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