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PSYCO 104 Basic Psychological Processes > Topic 2 - Studying Behaviour > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Studying Behaviour Flashcards

This deck contains all material from Topic 2 - Studying Behaviour in Ben Dyson's PSYCO 104 class. This deck has an emphasis on material overlap between textbook and lecture.

1
Q

What steps must be taken to undergo psychological research?

A
  1. Generate a question
  2. Gather information
  3. Formulate and test
  4. Analyze, interpret, and report
  5. Build knowledge body
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2
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

What we use to manipulate the environment.

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3
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

What we use to measure behaviour.

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4
Q

What is the aim of data collection?

A

To gather enough evidence to formulate a theory.

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5
Q

What four things do good theories do?

A
  • Consolidate previous observations
  • Generate future hypotheses
  • Must be testable
  • Conform to Occam’s Razor
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6
Q

What are the three types of study?

A
  • Descriptive
  • Correlational
  • Experimental
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7
Q

What does descriptive research do?

A

Gives a detailed description of behaviour.

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8
Q

What are three types of descriptive study?

A
  • Case study
  • Observation
  • Self-report
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9
Q

What does correlational research do?

A

Looks at the relationship between two variables without intervention.

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10
Q

What does experimental research do?

A

Examines the effects of independent variables on dependent variables. If done well, it may also establish cause and effect.

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11
Q

What does observation do?

A

Examine real-world behaviour.

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12
Q

What is external validity?

A

The ability of the research to generalize among populations.

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13
Q

What is internal validity?

A

The amount to which research supports clear causal conclusions.

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14
Q

What is reactivity?

A

The act of observation changes behaviour.

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15
Q

What is observer bias?

A

There may be preconceptions regarding behaviour that influence the observation.

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16
Q

What is the experimenter expectancy effect?

A

Experimenters may be biased in their observations.

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17
Q

What is self-report?

A

Collecting data from large samples through surveys.

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18
Q

What are some benefits of self-report?

A
  • Easy to administer
  • Cost-efficient
  • Relatively fast
19
Q

What is an important consideration for self-report?

A

We are only as good as the questions we ask.

20
Q

What do correlations do?

A

Specify the relationship between two variables (x and y).

21
Q

What are the two components of correlation?

A
  • Direction

- Size

22
Q

When is a correlation positive?

A

When the variables both increase or decrease.

23
Q

When is a correlation negative?

A

When one variable increases and the other decreases.

24
Q

When is a correlation perfect?

A

If the value is either +1 or -1.

25
Q

At what value are psychologists happy in a correlation.

A

+0.4 or -0.4.

26
Q

Why do we need correlational design?

A

Because there are some things we cannot ethically control.

27
Q

What is the third variable problem?

A

The possibility that a third variable (z) may be affecting variables x and y, rather than x and y affecting each other.

28
Q

What are extraneous variables?

A

Other variables we can control.

29
Q

What are the two fundamental characteristics of between-participant experiments?

A
  • Manipulation of an independent variable

- Random assignment of participants to groups

30
Q

What is an operational definition?

A

A definition of a term for measurement.

31
Q

What do operational definitions do?

A

Clear up conceptual vagueness.

32
Q

What does reliability refer to?

A

The consistency of the measurement.

33
Q

What does validity refer to?

A

The meaningfulness of the measurement.

34
Q

What is convergent validity?

A

The idea that multiple measures that tap the same thing should yield similar results.

35
Q

What is the measure of central tendency?

A

The value around which most scores tend to cluster.

36
Q

What is the mean?

A

The arithmetic average of all scores.

37
Q

What is the mode?

A

The most frequent score.

38
Q

What is the median?

A

The score in the middle.

39
Q

What are measures of variance?

A

The extent to which the scores differ.

40
Q

What is the range?

A

The measure of scores from largest to smallest.

41
Q

What is the standard deviation?

A

The average variation from the mean.

42
Q

How must the measures of central tendency and variance be interpreted.

A

With respect to each other.

43
Q

What four ethical elements do all psychological studies require?

A
  • Privacy
  • Informed consent
  • Participation risk
  • Data access

PSYCO 104 Basic Psychological Processes (4 decks)

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