Topic 4: Plurality of English

Question 1

the language used in business, trade and diplomacy and other international activities.

Answer 1

World Englishes

Question 2

refers to the varieties of English from the different regions of the world. It is a term referring to the emerging Englishes which are products of influences by UK and US.

Answer 2

World Englishes

Question 3

English is spread as a result of colonization, globalization or by any other means.

Answer 3

Diffusion

Question 4

English is officially accepted as a language used for education, trade, communication, so on.

Answer 4

Induction

Question 5

L1 and other local languages start to reshape English slowly by giving it a local touch. Indigenous words form and structure get incorporated into English.

Answer 5

Customization

Question 6

People start to use English unconsciously without associating with its parent varieties.

Answer 6

Native Recognition

Question 7

Aims to illustrate the spread of English all over the world.
Each circle in this model represents the kind of function and acquisition in which English language is used.

Answer 7

Kachru’s Concentric Circle

Question 8

refer to the parent countries of English. These countries are the colonizing nations in our history. Through colonization, they have spread English to the other regions of the world. For example, Britain carried the language to Australia, New Zealand, and North America.

Answer 8

Inner Circle (ENL)

Question 9

belongs to the territories colonized by the parent countries. English in this circle, is considered to be a second nonnative language and is used for functions like education, law, and government transactions.

Answer 9

Outer Circle (ESL)

Question 10

considers English as a foreign language. This encompasses countries where English has no historical or government roles. Nevertheless, English is still used for very limited transactions and mostly for international communications.

Answer 10

Expanding Circle (EFL)

Question 11

refers to the totality of functions which it has acquired as it spreads around the globe.

Answer 11

Range of English

Question 12

refers to the amount of social penetration it has achieved.

Answer 12

Depth of English

Question 13

Unprecedented spread across cultures and languages; on practically even continent.

Answer 13

Demographical and Numerical

Question 14

Provides access to the most important scientific, technological and cross-cultural domains of knowledge and interaction.

Answer 14

Functional

Question 15

Symbolizes-certainly to a large group across cultures – one or more of the following: neutrality, liberalism, status and progressivism

Answer 15

Attitudinal

Question 16

Provides international accessibility in the Outer Circle and international mobility across regions

Answer 16

Accessibility

Question 17

This has resulted in the nativization and acculturation of the language. These two, are then, responsible for the assimilation of English across cultures.

Answer 17

Pluricentricity

Question 18

A tool for mobility, economic gains, and social status.

Answer 18

Material