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GCSE Geography > Topic 4 - part 2 : UK’s Evolving Human Landscape > Flashcards

Topic 4 - part 2 : UK’s Evolving Human Landscape Flashcards

1
Q

What are the top 10 major cities in the UK?

A 
Edinburgh 
Glasgow 
Leeds
Manchester
Sheffield
Liverpool
Birmingham 
Bristol 
London
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2
Q

What is the multiplier effect?

A

An effect in economics in which an increase in spending produces an increase in national income and consumption greater than the initial amount spent

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3
Q

What were the cause of the economic growth outside of London?

A

Increase in coalfields outside of London
More coalfields means more coal produced and coal is a useful resource that is commonly used (e.g electricity generation) therefore being beneficial to the economy as large amounts of coal is being produced

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4
Q

What has happened to the coal industry in the UK?

A

There has been a decline in the coal industry as the UK now uses coal imports causing people to leave their jobs
UK is now less dependant in coal as they have discovered cheaper sources of energy (e.g oil, nuclear power)
UK also uses central heating rather than burning coal causing the UK to move further away from the industry

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5
Q

What is it meant by ‘Rural Periphery’?

A

Countryside areas rather than town

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6
Q

Name some negatives of the rural periphery

A

Lack of employment
Fewer opportunities
Poorer education compared to urban
Low standard of living

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7
Q

What are the 4 incentives the UK government and EU put into the Rural Periphery to attract investors?

A

Enterprise zones
Regional development grants
EU grants
Improvements to transport

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8
Q

What are the 2 causes for population growth in the UK?

A

Birth rate increase/Natural increase

Immigration

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9
Q

Name 3 factors to why birth rate is increasing

A

Higher fertility rate
High infant mortality rate
Families want to grow more

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10
Q

Suggest positives of Immigration in the UK

A

High skilled workers
New migrants stereotypically hardworking, skilled and flexible
More workers mean they can help with more production of goods/resources for economy
£2.5bn is contributed to the economy annually by Eastern European immigrants in the UK

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11
Q

Suggest negatives of immigration in the UK?

A

There have been isolated incidents of abuse and attacks on migrant workers
Some polish migrants have been exploited by unscrupulous employers and employment agencies in the UK
Sone workers have had large deductions in accommodation, transport, food etc. which have reduced their earnings considerably

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12
Q

What does Primary sector mean?

A

Production involving acquiring raw materials

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13
Q

What does Secondary sector mean?

A

Manufacturing and assembly process. Involves converting raw materials into components. Also involves assembling the product

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14
Q

What does Tertiary sector mean?

A

Commercial services that support the production and distributed process

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15
Q

What lead to de - industrialisation in the UK?

A

Foreign competition caused coal mining to lose. Lister’s mill in Bradford was the biggest factory employing 10,000 people.
Now only employs a few thousand people due to death of manufacturing
UK started having more coal trades from overseas and miners fought to save jobs however modern world took over and caused a decline in the primary sector and an increase in tertiary as manufacturing employment decreased

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16
Q

What does Quaternary sector mean?

A

Knowledge based jobs which normally includes the use of technology e.g financial banking

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17
Q

What is the knowledge economy?

A

An economy based on specialised knowledge and skill. Jobs require degrees and specialised training

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18
Q

The new Rural economy:

Suggest advantages to being in a flexible work environment

A

Ensures maximum input of skills as skills can be practiced more to best of ability
By having computers everywhere this helps with communication between staff workers so work can be done better and faster
Faster and better virtual work training and meetings
Able to balance work, life and other activities

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19
Q

Suggest disadvantages of being in a flexible work environment

A

Communication problems - faulty technology
Possibly less concentration if not in working environment
Difficulties working from home with big families

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20
Q

Where are the London Docklands located?

A

On River Thames

In East London

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21
Q

Why did the London docklands decline?

A

Ships increased in size and by 1981 larger shops could no longer reach the ports and deeper water was necessary

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22
Q

What social regeneration occurred for the London docklands?

A

Government helped increase employment and business by building the city airport in royal docks
Helped with housing by building 19,800 new homes and many former warehouses were converted into luxury flats

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23
Q

What economic regeneration occurred for the London docklands?

A

By 2000 there was a £7 billion investment and a huge population growth due to new professional services as it is now one of London’s main financial centres

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24
Q

What were the problems with the London Docklands regeneration?

A

There was a lot more pollution in the air due to planes
Dock owners, workers, ship companies and the council lost out
People that worked for ship companies would have to leave and find new jobs

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25
State characteristics of the new economy
Tertiary sector Jobs: deliver firms, retail parks, shopping centres Location: outskirts of towns for cheaper land and local labour Qualifications: mostly unskilled, needing few qualifications Quarter of the jobs are part time and many are temporary Earnings: low wages (minimum wage or above) Employee mix: mix of male and female, women majority
26
What does globalisation mean?
The ways in which countries have become increasingly connected to each other
27
What are the 4 main reasons for globalisation?
Free trade Privatisation Foreign direct investment TNC’s
28
What is free trade?
The free flow of goods and services | Most TNC’s support UK membership of the EU because it provides an unrestricted market of 550 million people
29
What is privatisation?
Change in ownership of services such as rubbish collection from the public sector to the private sector. Privatisation has taken place in the infrastructure, local council areas
30
What is foreign direct investment?
To invest anywhere with unrestricted flows of capital
31
What are TNC’s?
TNC’s supports the UK by investing in the UK and especially overseas TNC’s help with selling cars, hotels, tea etc. As it helps them earn money for various companies
32
Why did London start to grow and develop?
London’s time zone helps its economic growth by being able to trade with Asia, Australia and later in the same day with Mew York. With trade imports coming in this allowed the economy to grow and benefitted London huge,y and gradually developed more
33
Name 3 areas where privatisation has happened
Infrastructure Local council services The NHS
34
Explain one positive and one negative of the regeneration of cities
Positive Regeneration leads to the creation of new jobs. Regenerated areas are improved from their previous states, and are also marketed towards businesses as being attractive places to work. So, jobs are created as businesses move to an area. Negative Local people may be excluded from the positive effects. Local people can be forced out of areas because they can’t afford the new housing and aren't skilled enough for the new jobs.
35
Discuss two environmental challenges urban growth can bring to UK cities
Environmental challenge 1 Cities with growth can bring environmental challenges. For example, congested roads can lead to air pollution from cars. This is because more people working in a city means more people commuting to work every day Environmental challenge 2 The risk of flooding has increased. The more built up an area becomes, the greater the amount of surface runoff. This reduces the lag time between rainfall and water reaching a river. In extreme cases, this can cause flash floods.
36
Explain one impact of globalisation on the secondary sector employment in the UK
Reduction in job opportunities because of off-shoring companies who are seeking lower costs e.g labour Increase in some sectors e.g vehicle manufacturing as TNC’s move production into the UK e.g Honda/Nissan
37
What are enterprise zones?
Regions can be given tax break or start up costs paid for by the government, to encourage businesses to set up here This is especially the case for science and technology businesses that can provide many jobs for a rural area
38
Name advantages of Enterprise zones
New job opportunities for locals, including construction of the park and working businesses Attracts high earning scientists, who can afford to live in rural area
39
Name disadvantages of enterprise zones
Rural land lost to build offices, which destroys habitats for wildlife Not all businesses can relocate to rural areas, especially if they need good transport links or shipping
40
What are EU Grants for Rural Regions?
The EU provided millions of pounds in grants to rural areas to reduce inequality between urban and rural regions These are funds to help the poorest regions of the EU whose GDP is below 75% of the EU average
41
Advantages of EU Grants
Tourism provides job opportunities and local businesses can profit too Keeping British farms running will provide good produce without importing food into the UK
42
Disadvantages of EU Grants
Grants can be difficult to apply for and receive so some of the smallest businesses cannot benefit
43
What are Transport links
People who live in rural areas - especially the elderly - can become isolated if they cannot drive Public transport is essential for work so the government is investing 8n new bus links since buses are the easiest and cheapest way to access isolated villages
44
Advantages of transport links
Public transport stops isolation in the community which can lead to loneliness or not being able to get help Buses are cheaper than constructing train lines
45
Disadvantages of Transport links
The government cannot afford buses between every house, so some household will still be isolated
46
Advantages of secondary industry
Jobs provide a reliable income throughout the year | Productions requires little training, so the poorest families can work to earn a living
47
Disadvantages of secondary industry
Production lines can be respective work with limited opportunities to progress in your career Some factored exploit workers: long shifts, exposing them to harsh chemicals, limiting breaks
48
What three factors have caused the UK’s rising birth rate?
More women in their twenties choosing to have children earlier More women at older ages choosing to have children but who had previously postponed having them for career reasons Increasing numbers of overseas born women who often have higher fertility rates than UK born women
49
Name two causes of population growth in the UK
Net immigration | Rising birth rate
50
How does net immigration affect the rising population growth in the UK?
In 2014, a record 641 000 long-term immigrants arrived to live in the UK, 323 000 emigrated that year too and most immigrants were young working adults aged 18-35
51
What was net immigration caused by?
EU membership | Globalisation
52
How did EU membership cause net immigration?
EU membership allows anyone in the EU to freely move and work in any member state
53
How did globalisation cause net immigration?
Revolutionised migration to the UK | London’s ‘knowledge economy’ needs highly qualified and skilled people, and the UK cannot provide all it needs
54
How many people were employed in coal mines in 1970s?
250 000
55
Advantages of flexible working in the new rural economy
Better health ; people take breaks during the day No commuting - less congestion Less absenteeism and sickness Parents can work at home, saving money on child care Better productivity: people work longer hours instead of commuting
56
Disadvantages of flexible working in the new rural economy
Isolation from work colleagues and less contact with you boss Sometimes difficult to motivate and organise home - workers Work is constantly around your environment
57
Examples of jobs in the tertiary sector
Jobs with delivery firms In retail park Shopping centres
58
Where are tertiary sector jobs located?
On outskirts of towns for cheaper land and local labour
59
What sector is the new economy?
Tertiary
60
What qualifications are needed in the new economy?
Mostly u skilled, needing few qualifications
61
Are jobs in the new economy part time or full time?
A quarter of jobs are part time, many are temporary, lasting weeks/months
62
Explain one way in which glaciation has affected the physical landscape of the UK
Glaciers have eroded valleys by widening them and deepening them through glacial abrasion, creating U shaped valleys
63
Explain why groynes can reduce coastal erosion
Groynes trap sand which absorbs wave energy
64
Explain why differences in rock type affect the rate of erosion on uk coastlines
Difference in rock hardness/ softness which affects the rate of erosion through abrasion/hydraulic action because softer rocks are less resistant Differences in rock jointing/structure affected by hydraulic action/abrasion so well jointed rocks erode faster than less well jointed rocks because larger surface area in contact with water

GCSE Geography (12 decks)

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