Topic 4 - part 1 : Challenges Of The Urbanising World Flashcards
What is urbanisation?
A process where an increasing proportion of people love in towns or cities
What is natural increase?
Difference between number of birth and death over a period of time
Where are most mega cities found in the world?
HIC - high income countries
What is an emerging country?
A country with high-to-medium human development and recent economic growth
What is a mega city?
Cities where the population is over 10 million people
What is a world city?
A city generally considered to be an important node in the global economic system
What is migration?
Movement of people from one area to another
What is a push factor?
Something that makes people want to move out of the area
What is a pull factor?
Something that makes people want to move into the area
What type of migratory does Kampala have?
Internal migration
Rural - urban migration
What is internal migration?
Human migration within one geopolitical entity
Why is Internal migration and rural - urban migration happening in Kampala?
Better housing
Better services for easier life
Jobs in growing businesses
What type of migration does New York have?
International migration
Why is international migration happening in New York?
Import experts
Needs more people with university degrees
37% population is foreign born
What type of migration does Detroit have?
De-industrialisation
What is de-industrialisation?
Closure of industry so people move out
Why is de-industrialisation happening in Detroit?
Lack of motors
General motors changed business model
Local companies out of business
What is the informal economy?
The part of an economy that is neither taxed nor monitored by any form of government
What is the formal economy?
The legal economy that is taxed and monitored by the government
What is Kampala’s informal economy?
Estimated that 50% of its GDP comes from the informal economy
Pottery making
Dyeing clothes
Selling spices
What is Kampala’s formal economy?
Only 5% people employed in manufacturing
Airline
Offices
Banks
What is New Delhi’s informal economy?
75% of the city work on the informal economy
Informal economy is 50% of India’s GDP
Selling street food
Market sales
What is India’s formal economy?
People work in services
20% comes from manufacturing
The clothing industry is growing very fast
What is New York’s informal economy?
Main informal economy is self employed
Cleaners
Caterers
Street sellers
What is New York’s formal economy?
One of the world’s biggest economies
Manufacturing makes up to 10% of employment
Most money is made in the knowledge economy
What are the reasons for New York’s growth?
More immigrants came to find jobs
In the 1800s New Yorkers built a canal which increased trade. The city became a business centre so more people came to work.
What is suburbanisation?
Population shift from central urban areas into suburbs
What borough in New York became overcrowded?
Manhattan
What transport system in New York grow and how did this help urban expansion?
The extended subway and railway system grew
This helped people have more access to jobs and places around the large city
What is re urbanisation?
Movement of people back into an area that has been previously abandoned
What 3 changes happened in the 1980s in New York?
Knowledge economy created employment in the city
Closure of docks and industry has created space for regeneration
The city is safer due to increased zero tolerance policy towards crime
What are brownfield sites?
Any previously developed land that is not currently in use
What are regeneration sites?
Land in the process of redevelopment and improvement
What is counter urbanisation?
When large numbers of people from urban areas into surrounding countryside or rural areas
What happened in New York between 1950-1980?
Counter-urbanisation occurred where people left the city and the white flight occurred because there was fears of safety, high land rents and declining jobs
What was a consequence of counter-urbanisation in 1950-1980s in New York?
New York lost 12% of its population between 1950 and 1980
What are the 3 main types of land use?
Commercial
Industrial
Residential
What are the characteristics of commercial land use?
Land used for business activities
What are the characteristics of industrial land use?
Land used for manufacturing, mining, distribution of goods etc.
What are the characters of residential land use?
Buildings used for housing
Oldest properties are close to the centre
What is in the centre of the Burgess Model?
CBD - central business district
What are characteristics of the CBD?
Shops
Civic buildings
No cars
What are characteristics of the inner city?
Terraced houses
Close to where people used to work
What are characteristics of the inner suburbs?
Less congestion
Residential areas
More open space
What are characteristics of the outer suburbs?
Can be more expensive
What are characteristics of the rural-urban fringe?
Agriculture
Business happens
Horticulture
Compare and contrast the Burgess and LEDC model
Similarities:
Both and have CBD in the centre
Both show that higher value of housing closer to the centre
Differences:
LEDC model focuses more on housing
Burgers model is based around a simple circle based area
LEDC model is not split by circle rings
Describe the location of Mumbai
Mumbai is located in India
On India’s west coast
Located between Juhu and Bandra
Why did people start to settle in Mumbai?
Migration - migration going into business and employment in Mumbai
Why did Mumbai’s settlement start to grow and develop?
Natural increase - families started having more children causing a rapid growth
More migrants came to Mumbai for jobs and employment
Why is the CBD not in the centre of Mumbai’s structure?
It was built around the harbour so the CBD is not in the centre
Why are industrial areas near the port of Navi Mumbai?
Land is more expensive near the port so some industrial areas move to Navi Mumbai where land is cheaper
What is Navi Mumbai?
A planned city developed as a good alternative to living in a Mumbai
Where have the greatest investments been in Mumbai?
Manufacturing
Services
Construction
Entertainment + Lesiure
Name 2 causes of Mumbai’s growth
Migration
Natural increase
Name push factors for Mumbai
Overpopulated
Air pollution issues
Housing shortages - slums
Name pull factors towards Mumbai
Many employment opportunities
Higher wages
Healthcare and education
What is the name of Mumbai’s main slum?
Dharavi
What is the literacy rate in Dharavi?
69%
Dharavi is the most literate slums compared to others
Describe what slums are like
Narrow and cramped pathways
Up to 10 might share a room
Shanty houses are so close together and there are community toilets
Little space with poor conditions and sanitation
What type of housing do middle class people in Mumbai live in?
Some live in flats
Family all sleeps in 1 room
They gave a living room, bedroom, kitchen and a bathroom
What is the average wage of middle class people in Mumbai?
Salary is 75 000 rupees
What job sector do middle class people in Mumbai work in?
Tertiary
What jobs and things can middle class people in Mumbai have?
Work as teachers and can increase salary by doing private tutoring. Can work in healthcare
Can’t afford quite expensive items but do have enough money for standard living
What type of housing do higher class people in Mumbai live in?
Luxury one bedroom apartment in a gated complex
What is the average wage for higher class people in Mumbai?
Salary is 1.6 million rupees
What job sector do higher class people in Mumbai work in?
Quaternary
What jobs and things can higher class people in Mumbai have?
Able to spend money on designer clothes and technology
Work for large companies and have a good degree
Work for hours but it pays off with a high salary
What is the tax issue in Mumbai?
There are few tax collections from informal workers
In the informal economy there are less tax payments
Without more income tax, Mumbai’s government can’t provide services and plan infrastructure for the city and population
Why aren’t private investors building houses in Mumbai?
They are put off building because the government limits maximum rents meaning rental income is reduced
What is housing like for people who have to put up with poor housing in Mumbai?
Many residents are forced into slums so they experience water supply issues as water only run for 30 mins in some slums
Many families have to share just one tap
Poor sanitation - toxic chemicals spread from untreated sewage water spread causing disease
Why type of area usually has a private water supply?
Better - off suburbs
