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GCSE Geography > Topic 4 - part 1 : Challenges Of The Urbanising World > Flashcards

Topic 4 - part 1 : Challenges Of The Urbanising World Flashcards

1
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

A process where an increasing proportion of people love in towns or cities

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2
Q

What is natural increase?

A

Difference between number of birth and death over a period of time

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3
Q

Where are most mega cities found in the world?

A

HIC - high income countries

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4
Q

What is an emerging country?

A

A country with high-to-medium human development and recent economic growth

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5
Q

What is a mega city?

A

Cities where the population is over 10 million people

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6
Q

What is a world city?

A

A city generally considered to be an important node in the global economic system

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7
Q

What is migration?

A

Movement of people from one area to another

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8
Q

What is a push factor?

A

Something that makes people want to move out of the area

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9
Q

What is a pull factor?

A

Something that makes people want to move into the area

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10
Q

What type of migratory does Kampala have?

A

Internal migration

Rural - urban migration

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11
Q

What is internal migration?

A

Human migration within one geopolitical entity

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12
Q

Why is Internal migration and rural - urban migration happening in Kampala?

A

Better housing
Better services for easier life
Jobs in growing businesses

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13
Q

What type of migration does New York have?

A

International migration

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14
Q

Why is international migration happening in New York?

A

Import experts
Needs more people with university degrees
37% population is foreign born

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15
Q

What type of migration does Detroit have?

A

De-industrialisation

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16
Q

What is de-industrialisation?

A

Closure of industry so people move out

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17
Q

Why is de-industrialisation happening in Detroit?

A

Lack of motors
General motors changed business model
Local companies out of business

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18
Q

What is the informal economy?

A

The part of an economy that is neither taxed nor monitored by any form of government

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19
Q

What is the formal economy?

A

The legal economy that is taxed and monitored by the government

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20
Q

What is Kampala’s informal economy?

A

Estimated that 50% of its GDP comes from the informal economy
Pottery making
Dyeing clothes
Selling spices

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21
Q

What is Kampala’s formal economy?

A

Only 5% people employed in manufacturing
Airline
Offices
Banks

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22
Q

What is New Delhi’s informal economy?

A

75% of the city work on the informal economy
Informal economy is 50% of India’s GDP
Selling street food
Market sales

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23
Q

What is India’s formal economy?

A

People work in services
20% comes from manufacturing
The clothing industry is growing very fast

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24
Q

What is New York’s informal economy?

A

Main informal economy is self employed
Cleaners
Caterers
Street sellers

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25
What is New York’s formal economy?
One of the world’s biggest economies Manufacturing makes up to 10% of employment Most money is made in the knowledge economy
26
What are the reasons for New York’s growth?
More immigrants came to find jobs In the 1800s New Yorkers built a canal which increased trade. The city became a business centre so more people came to work.
27
What is suburbanisation?
Population shift from central urban areas into suburbs
28
What borough in New York became overcrowded?
Manhattan
29
What transport system in New York grow and how did this help urban expansion?
The extended subway and railway system grew | This helped people have more access to jobs and places around the large city
30
What is re urbanisation?
Movement of people back into an area that has been previously abandoned
31
What 3 changes happened in the 1980s in New York?
Knowledge economy created employment in the city Closure of docks and industry has created space for regeneration The city is safer due to increased zero tolerance policy towards crime
32
What are brownfield sites?
Any previously developed land that is not currently in use
33
What are regeneration sites?
Land in the process of redevelopment and improvement
34
What is counter urbanisation?
When large numbers of people from urban areas into surrounding countryside or rural areas
35
What happened in New York between 1950-1980?
Counter-urbanisation occurred where people left the city and the white flight occurred because there was fears of safety, high land rents and declining jobs
36
What was a consequence of counter-urbanisation in 1950-1980s in New York?
New York lost 12% of its population between 1950 and 1980
37
What are the 3 main types of land use?
Commercial Industrial Residential
38
What are the characteristics of commercial land use?
Land used for business activities
39
What are the characteristics of industrial land use?
Land used for manufacturing, mining, distribution of goods etc.
40
What are the characters of residential land use?
Buildings used for housing | Oldest properties are close to the centre
41
What is in the centre of the Burgess Model?
CBD - central business district
42
What are characteristics of the CBD?
Shops Civic buildings No cars
43
What are characteristics of the inner city?
Terraced houses | Close to where people used to work
44
What are characteristics of the inner suburbs?
Less congestion Residential areas More open space
45
What are characteristics of the outer suburbs?
Can be more expensive
46
What are characteristics of the rural-urban fringe?
Agriculture Business happens Horticulture
47
Compare and contrast the Burgess and LEDC model
Similarities: Both and have CBD in the centre Both show that higher value of housing closer to the centre Differences: LEDC model focuses more on housing Burgers model is based around a simple circle based area LEDC model is not split by circle rings
48
Describe the location of Mumbai
Mumbai is located in India On India’s west coast Located between Juhu and Bandra
49
Why did people start to settle in Mumbai?
Migration - migration going into business and employment in Mumbai
50
Why did Mumbai’s settlement start to grow and develop?
Natural increase - families started having more children causing a rapid growth More migrants came to Mumbai for jobs and employment
51
Why is the CBD not in the centre of Mumbai’s structure?
It was built around the harbour so the CBD is not in the centre
52
Why are industrial areas near the port of Navi Mumbai?
Land is more expensive near the port so some industrial areas move to Navi Mumbai where land is cheaper
53
What is Navi Mumbai?
A planned city developed as a good alternative to living in a Mumbai
54
Where have the greatest investments been in Mumbai?
Manufacturing Services Construction Entertainment + Lesiure
55
Name 2 causes of Mumbai’s growth
Migration | Natural increase
56
Name push factors for Mumbai
Overpopulated Air pollution issues Housing shortages - slums
57
Name pull factors towards Mumbai
Many employment opportunities Higher wages Healthcare and education
58
What is the name of Mumbai’s main slum?
Dharavi
59
What is the literacy rate in Dharavi?
69% | Dharavi is the most literate slums compared to others
60
Describe what slums are like
Narrow and cramped pathways Up to 10 might share a room Shanty houses are so close together and there are community toilets Little space with poor conditions and sanitation
61
What type of housing do middle class people in Mumbai live in?
Some live in flats Family all sleeps in 1 room They gave a living room, bedroom, kitchen and a bathroom
62
What is the average wage of middle class people in Mumbai?
Salary is 75 000 rupees
63
What job sector do middle class people in Mumbai work in?
Tertiary
64
What jobs and things can middle class people in Mumbai have?
Work as teachers and can increase salary by doing private tutoring. Can work in healthcare Can’t afford quite expensive items but do have enough money for standard living
65
What type of housing do higher class people in Mumbai live in?
Luxury one bedroom apartment in a gated complex
66
What is the average wage for higher class people in Mumbai?
Salary is 1.6 million rupees
67
What job sector do higher class people in Mumbai work in?
Quaternary
68
What jobs and things can higher class people in Mumbai have?
Able to spend money on designer clothes and technology Work for large companies and have a good degree Work for hours but it pays off with a high salary
69
What is the tax issue in Mumbai?
There are few tax collections from informal workers In the informal economy there are less tax payments Without more income tax, Mumbai’s government can’t provide services and plan infrastructure for the city and population
70
Why aren’t private investors building houses in Mumbai?
They are put off building because the government limits maximum rents meaning rental income is reduced
71
What is housing like for people who have to put up with poor housing in Mumbai?
Many residents are forced into slums so they experience water supply issues as water only run for 30 mins in some slums Many families have to share just one tap Poor sanitation - toxic chemicals spread from untreated sewage water spread causing disease
72
Why type of area usually has a private water supply?
Better - off suburbs

GCSE Geography (12 decks)

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