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PSYC102 > Topic 4 - Health psychology > Flashcards

Topic 4 - Health psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What is health psych?

A

How people stay healthy, why they become ill and how they respond when they do get ill.

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2
Q

Brief history of health beliefs.

A

Earliest theory - disease = evil spirits in the body

Greeks - illness due to poor bodily function, humoral theory of disease (imbalance of humours)

Middle ages - cause = mystical forces, treatments church controlled

Renaissance - biological and anatomical causes of disease. Eventually conceptualised into biomedical model.

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3
Q

What is the biomedical model of health?

A

a reductionist view of illness, reducing disease to biological causes at the level of individual cells. Psychological and social factors that affect health and illness are virtually ignored.

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4
Q

What are conversion reactions?

A

unexplained physical problems that stem from unconscious conflicts

Freud’s proposal after realising not all illnesses had a biological cause.

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5
Q

Define psychosomatic medicine.

A

the idea that changes in physiology mediate the relationship between unconscious conflicts and illness.

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6
Q

What is the health belief model?

A

Suggests that health behaviours are predicted by four factors:

Perceived susceptibility

Perceived severity

Benefits v barriers

Cues to action

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7
Q

What 2 changes did the health belief model undergo in the 1980s?

A

Added self efficacy

Became the protection motivation theory of health.

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8
Q

What is the theory of reasoned action?

A

Social-cognitive view that behaviours stem from behavioural intentions. 2 components:

Attitudes and subjective norms

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9
Q

What are the stages of the transtheoretical model (aka stages of change)?

A
  1. Precontemplation
  2. Contemplation
  3. Preparation
  4. Action
  5. Maintenance
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10
Q

Prevalence of obesity in AU?

A

1/4 adults
1/4 children overweight or obese

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11
Q

What % is the genetic influence of obesity?

What hormone plays a role?

A

40% genetic

Leptin

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12
Q

What is alcohol dependence vs problem drinking?

A

Alcohol dependence: person is physiologically dependent on alcohol, and shows withdrawal Sx when no alcohol has been consumed.

Problem drinkers: not physiologically addicted to alcohol but still have a number of problems stemming from alcohol consumption (work, family, health).

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13
Q

What are 3 meds used in alcohol aversion therapy?

A

Antabuse → taken daily, alcohol consumption causes nausea and vomiting
Acamporosate → helps control cravings
Naltrexone → blocks ‘high’ from alcohol

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14
Q

What are 8 individual barriers to health promotion?

A
  1. -ve behaviours rewarding.
  2. Healthy behaviours = more discipline
  3. -ve effect time delay
  4. Unrealistic optimism
  5. Lack of education
  6. SES
  7. No access to health care
  8. Gender
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15
Q

What are 2 family barriers to health promotion?

A
  1. Health modelling from parents predicts childrens health behaviours through life
  2. Genetics plays a smaller role
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16
Q

What are 3 AU health promotion programs?

A

2015 Breast Screen

National Bowel Cancer Screening Program 2008

National Cervical Screening Program

17
Q

What are 3 cultural barriers to health promotion?

A
  1. Unhealthy influences in community
  2. Cultural disparities
  3. Physical environment
18
Q

Define stress.

A

A challenge to a persons capacity to adapt to inner and outer demands.

19
Q

What is Walter Cannons fight or flight?

A
  • Organism prepares for danger with endocrine & SNS activation
  • If danger remains, organism is perpetually aroused
  • This leads to deteriorating health as body diverts resources from everyday health to emergency readiness
20
Q

What are the 3 stages of GAS?

A
  1. Alarm - adrenaline, SNS activation, BP HR RR BS rise, blood diverts from GIT to muscles.
  2. Resistance - PSNS returns RR & HR to normal, BGL high, hormones high, organism adapting to stress but becomes vulnerable to illness.
  3. Exhaustion - if stage 2 continues long enough, physiological defences break down = susceptible to serious disease.
21
Q

What is meant by stress as a transactional process?

What are the 2 stages.

A

Stress involves an individual’s perception of the event and whether it exceeds their psychosocial resources.

Primary appraisal: person decides whether the situation is benign, stressful or irrelevant.

Secondary appraisal: person evaluates options and how to respond.

22
Q

What element do both stages of the transactional process of stress have in common?

A

Emotional forecasting: predicting what feelings the situation will produce and predicting the likely emotional impact of each potential response

23
Q

Define acculturative stress.

A

refers to the stress people experience in trying to adapt to a new culture.

24
Q

How does stress interfere with brain functioning?

A

Interferes with prefrontal cortex = working memory and the hippocampus = LTM

25
Q

What impact does long term stress have on the brain?

A

Permanent cell death and a reduction in size of the hippocampus

26
Q

What impacts does stress in early life have on the individual?

A
  1. Alters gene expression
  2. Causes biological changes in brain which can lead to mental & physical disorders, emotional dysregulation, behavioural difficulties, dysfunction of neural systems.
27
Q

What are 3 important cells in the immune system and what do they do?

A

B cells - produce antibodies

T cells - destroy invaders and stimulate immune function

NKC - fight viruses and tumours

28
Q

What is the difference between problem focused and emotion focused coping?

A

Problem focused = aims at changing the situation.

Emotion focused = efforts to alter thoughts around situation and alter the unpleasant emotional consequences of stress.

29
Q

What is the relationship between social support and health?

A
  • lack of social support predicts disease and mortality.
  • Greater social support = greater wellbeing
  • loneliness = dec. immune function and inc. depression & CVD
30
Q

What is the buffering hypothesis?

A

proposes that social support protects people against the harmful effects of acute stress.

31
Q

What impact does disclosure have on health.

A
  • decreases stress, anxiety and depression.
  • increases immunity
  • decreased intrusive thoughts

PSYC102 (10 decks)

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