Topic 2 - Treatment of disorders Flashcards
What are the 5 common ethical principles for psychologists?
Autonomy
Non-maleficence
Beneficence
Justice
Fidelity
What are the two main principles of psychodynamic therapies?
the role of insight
the role of the patient-therapist relationship
According to psychodynamic therapy what are the 3 sources of symptoms?
- Maladaptive ways of viewing the self and relationships
- Unconscious conflicts and compromises among competing wishes and fears
- Maladaptive ways of dealing with unpleasant emotions
What are 3 therapeutic techniques in Psychodynamic therapy?
Free Association
Interpretation
Analysis of transference
Define free association (psychodynamic therapy).
How does it work?
A technique for exploring associational networks and unconscious processes involved in symptom formation.
Tx instructs Pt to say whatever comes to mind. They work together to piece bits of what was said and what wasn’t said. Attempting to find hidden motives.
What is interpretation in psychodynamic therapy?
a technique that interprets conflicts, defences, compromise formations and repetitive interpersonal patterns. The Tx then helps the person to understand their experiences in a new light.
What is transference?
the process whereby people experience similar thoughts, feelings, fears, wishes and conflicts in new relationships as they did in past relationships.
Pts often play out interpersonal scenarios with Tx. e.g. transfer their feelings onto Tx
What are the two main forms of psychodynamic therapy?
Name key elements.
Psychoanalysis:
- Pt on couch
- 3-5x/week for years
Psychodynamic psychotherapy:
- face to face
- 1-3x/wk
- more conversational
Name 2 main differences between CBT and psychodynamic therapy?
CBT = short term and more directive
CBT = focuses on current behaviour not childhood experiences or inferred motives
What are the 3 steps of CBT?
- Behavioural analysis: examining the stimuli or thoughts that precede or are associated with the Sx.
- Produce case formulation = key info about pt’s difficulties/strengths, framework for treatment
- Carry out treatment strategies
What are two main categories of classical conditioning techniques? What do they include?
- Systematic desensitisation - Eye movement desensitisation processing (EMDR)
- Exposure techniques - flooding, graded exposure, virtual reality exposure therapy, response prevention
What is systematic desensitisation?
What are the 4 steps?
Pt gradually confronts a phobic stimulus mentally while in a state that inhibits anxiety.
- Tx teaches relaxation techniques
- Tx constructs a hierarchy of feared imagined stimuli through questioning
- Desensitisation - using relaxation techniques, pt vividly imagines first scene in the hierarchy. Gradually move up.
- Pt encouraged to face fears in real life.
What is flooding?
An exposure technique where pt confronts phobic stimulus all at once.
What are operant conditioning techniques?
Therapies that use reinforcement and punishment to modify unwanted behaviour.
What is ACT?
What is the focus?
Acceptance Commitment Therapy
Focuses on changing an individuals relationship to their cognitions, rather than directly changing cognitions.
What is cognitive therapy?
Therapy that focuses on changing dysfunctional cognitions presumed to underlie psychological disorders.
What is Ellis’ ABC theory of psychopathology? (cognitive therapy)
A - activation conditions
B - Belief systems
C - emotional consequences
A does not directly equal C, unpleasant events turn into emotional consequences due to dysfunctional belief systems.
e.g. A = person loses job, B = “I am not worthy unless I am successful”, C = depression
What is rational emotive behaviour therapy?
A cognitive therapy that proposes pt’s can rid themselves of psychological problems by maximising their rational and minimising their irrational thinking.
What are 4 features of Beck’s cognitive therapy?
- Tx & pt work on changing maladaptive patterns of thought and behaviour.
- Pt keeps a log
- Highly structured
- Tx teaches pt theory behind treatment
What is the aim of humanistic therapies?
To help people get in touch with their feelings, with their ‘true selves’ and with a sense of meaning of life.
What types of therapy are Gestalt and client-centered therapy?
Humanistic
What type of therapy uses the empty chair technique>?
Gestalt therapy
What is the focus of gestalt therapy?
Focuses on recognition of feelings, not why they are occurring.
Belief that losing touch with one’s authentic inner voice leads to psychological problems.
What is client centred therapy based on?
What is the aim?
Carl Rogers view that when concept of self is incongruent with actual experience → psychological problems
Aim = to help clients experience themselves as they are.
What therapy uses unconditional positive regard?
Client-centered therapy
what are the 3 main biological treatments?
Medication, electroconvulsive therapy, psychosurgery
What are psychotropic medications?
Drugs that act on the brain to affect mental processes.
What are 4 ways that psychotropic meds work?
- At NT sites
- Binding with postsynaptic receptors which prevents neural transmission
- Increase action of underactive/depleted NTs
- Intracellularly
Difference between action of tricyclics, MAOIs and SSRIs?
Tricyclics = block reuptake of serotonin & norepinephrine into the presynaptic cleft.
MAOIs = keep the chemical MAO from breaking down NT substances in the presynaptic neuron, thus making more NT’s available for release into the synapse.
SSRIs = they prevent the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic neuron and hence keep the NT active at the synapse longer.
What are benzodiazepines used for? How do they work?
Anxiety
Increase the activity of GABA, a NT that inhibits activation throughout the NS.
What is ECT used to treat?
Major depression
Which therapy is best for anxiety?
CBT
