Topic 4 demography Flashcards
1
Q
What does birth rate mean?
A
the number of live births per 1000 of population per year
2
Q
What does total fertility rate mean?
A
the average number of children women will have during theirfertile years
3
Q
What is the trend in birth rates?
A
- There have been fluctuations
- Baby booms after 2 world wars and in the 1960s
- Fell again in 1970s
- Rose again 1980s-90s
- Fell in 2001
4
Q
What is the trend in TFR?
A
1960s baby boom = 2.95 children per woman
2001 = 1.63 children per woman
2014 = 1.83
2020 = 1.56
TFR affects family size – the more children a woman has, the bigger the family
5
Q
births and about women
What 2 main changes have taken place?
A
- More women are remaining childless now
- Women are having children later in life
6
Q
women = childless and kids later in life
Reason for these changes 1. changes in womens position
A
- Harper 2012 = education of women is the most important reason for this decline. Women now have a changed mindset.
- having less kids, having them later, planning for other things in their future.
- shift in norms, smaller families become the norm
7
Q
Reason for these changes 2.Decline in IMR (Number of infants who die before 1 Y/O)
A
- This has fallen due to medical advancements, improved housing, sanitation
- if babies survive, parents will have less kids
8
Q
Reasons for the fall in birth rate 3. children as an economic liability
A
- 19th cent, children were seen as an economic asset
- now theyre seen as a liability
- laws banning child labour and compulsory schooling = children are economically dependent on parents for longer
- changing norms on children having a high standard of living
9
Q
Reasons for the fall in birth rate 4. Child centeredness
A
- There’s a shift in focus to the quality of childhoof
- parents now have fewer children but devote more attention and resources to them
10
Q
Effects of a falling birth rate 1. the family
A
- Role of women
- Domestic division of labour
- Money and resources
11
Q
effects of a falling birth rate 2. the dependency ratio
A
- Relationship between the working population and the non-working, dependent population
- Earnings, taxes and savings of the working population must support the dependent
- Children are a large portion of this
- Less children = reduced burden of dependency on working population
12
Q
Effects of a falling birthrate 3. Public services and policies
A
- Schools and the education system
- Healthcare services
- Fewer schools and health services may be needed
- Less money spent on maternity and paternity leave
- Government can choose to reduce the number of schools or have smaller class sizes
13
Q
what is the death rate?
A
- Numbers of death per thousand of the population per year.
- It’s halved from 19 in 1900 to 8.9 in 2012
- 2021 = 9.4
14
Q
5 Reasons for the decline in death rate
A03
A
- Improved nutrition
- Medical improvements
- public health improvements
- other social changes
- smoking and diet
A03
1. NHS waiting time
2. Vaping and smoking
3. more processed foods / unhealthier lifestyles
15
Q
What is life expectancy? What is the trend?
A
- How long on average a person in a year can expect to live.
- Death Rate has fallen meanining life expectancy has increased
16
Q
What’s the reason for a rise in life expectancy?
A
- Improved housing and sanitation
- Nutrition
- Better Medical knowledge
17
Q
Why are there class, gener and regional differences in life expectancy?
A
- Woman live longer than men
- those living in the north and scotland have a lower life expectancy than those in the south.
- Walker = those in the poorest areas of England die 7 years earlier than those in the richest areas
18
Q
How does class effect life expectancy?
A
- M/C and U/C have more money
- Private healthcare
- gas/ electric bills = afford heating in homes = lower chance of getting sick
19
Q
how does reigonal differences effect life expectancy?
A
- pollution affecting health
20
Q
ageing
What is happening to the Uk population?
A
UK’S population is ageing = this means that the average age of the population is increasing
- older age groups are growing as a proportion of he population
- younger age groups are shrinking
21
Q
What’s estimated to happen in 2041?
A
To be as many 78 year olds as there are 5 year olds
22
Q
what are the causes of an ageing population?
A
- Increasing life expectancy - people are living longer
- declining infant mortality - babies are no longer dying in large numbers
- declining fertility - fewer young people being born relation to the amount of older people in the population
23
Q
What are the 4 effects of an ageing population?
A
- Public services = old people consume a large amount of services
- rising dependency ratio - the non-working old people need to be provided for by those of the working age through taxes etc. The more retired people there are, the more the dependency ratio increases
- More one-person pensioner households = these now account for 1 in 7 households, most of these are female because women live longer Feminisation of later life
- Ageism = old age is socially constructed as an issue. Negative sterotypes portray them as a burden
24
Q
How is old age characterised in modernity?
A
- Life is structured in fixed life stages determined by age
Age is important in role allocation and in shaping our identities – worker, pensioner, retired - Those of old age are excluded from the labour force and are made to feel powerless and dependent
- Stigmatised identity
25
How is old age characterised in postmodernity?
* Fixed stages of life have broken down
* Trends that show this = children dressing like adults, later marriage, early retirement
* Individuals have more choice in how they live their lives
* In postmodern society, our consumption habits become key to our identities, not our age
26
examples of how there are inequalities among the old
* There is a consumer market for the elderly
* 'Body maintenance' and 'rejuvenation' goods and services
* These things break down the ageist stereotypes found in modern society
27
What happens to policies according to Hirsch ?
Argues that policies need to be implemented to tackle the issues of the ageing population
* To finance the longer period of old age = pay more from our savings and taxes
* Change in housing policy = so that old people can 'trade down' to smaller accomodation = this also frees up housing for younger people
* There also needs to be a shift in culture and ideology
28
What does migration, immigration, emigration and net migration mean?
Until 1980s, there were fewer immigrants than emigrants
1. movement of people
2. movement into a society
3. movement out of a society
4. difference between numbers of immigrants and emigrants
29
Immigration policies
1962-1990 = immigration and nationality acts placed severe restrictions on non-white immigration
The white countries of the EU became the main source of immigrants
30
Immigrants - trends and key info
1900-1940s = largest immigrant groups were Irish, European Jews and people of British descent from USA and Canada
1950s-1970s = non-white immigrants came from Caribbean, Africa and South Asia
2011 = minority groups accounted for 14% of the population
31
examples of push and pull factors
push ; unemployment, poverty, hazards, natural disasters, lack of safety
pull: Employment, safter environment, healthcare, political security, friends and family
32
define globalisation
the increased interconnectedness of the world in terms of time and space. There is a global society/culture, rather ones associated with individual countries.
33
what impact is globalisation having on migration?
Globalisation is producing increased migration
2000 and 2013 saw a 33% increase in migration
Globalisation has accelerated the rate of migration
34
8 examples of different types of migrants
Permenant settlers
Temporary workers
Spouses
Refugees
Asylum seekers
Students
Some entering without permission
35
what's super-diversity?
* Since 1990s globalisation has meant that migrants now come from a much wider range of countries
* They have different legal statuses
* A given ethnic group migrating may also be divided by culture or religion
36
who shows how there are class differences among migrants? what are they (3)
cohen
1. Citizens = full citizenship rights. UK has made it harder for immigrants to gain these rights
2. Denizens = privileged foreign nationals welomed by the state. They are wealthy or highly paid employees, high status
3. Helots = most exploited groups who are seen as 'disposable units of labour power'. Include illegally trafficked workers and those legally tied to employers
37
What is the feminisation of migrants?
Almost half of all global migrants are now female
This has led to a globalisation of the gender division of
labour
Female migrants are given stereotyped roles as carers, cleaners or providers of sexual services
38
what is a hybrid identity?
Migrants may develop hybrid identities from 2 or more sources
They may be accused of not fitting in or assimilating
39
How may some migrants form hierarchal identities. give examples
Eade, 1994 = found that second generation Bangladeshi Muslims in Britain created hierarchal identities
1. Muslim identity
2. Bengali identity
3. British identity
40
What are transnational identities?
Eriksen, 2007
Globalisation has allowed for back and forth movements of people rather than permenant settlement in another country
Migrants don’t always see themselves as belonging to one country
41
# politicisation of migration
What are immigration policies aimed towards?
* States have policies to control immigration and deal with cultural diversity
* Immigration policies have become linked to national security and anti-terrorism policies
42
# politicisation of migration
What is meant by assimilation?
this policy aims to encourage immigrants to adopt the language, values and customs of the host culture
43
What is meant by multiculturalism?
accepts that migrants may wish to retain a separate cultural identity. But in practice, this is limited:
1. Shallow diversity = British people regarding chicken tikka as their national dish
2. Deep diversity = arranged marriages and veiled women is not accepted
