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sociology miss rashid > Topic 1 couples > Flashcards

Topic 1 couples Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define the Domestic division of labour

A

the roles that men and women play in relation to housework, childcare and paid work.

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2
Q

Parsons - Instrumental and expressive roles

How does parsons describe the roles of men and women at home? what are they based on?

A

men and women are biologically suited to these roles

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3
Q

Parsons - Instrumental and expressive roles

What is the role of the husband?

What is the role of the wife?

A
  • Husband = Instrumental role. This means the husband focuses on providing for the family financially. He is the breadwinner
  • Wife = Expressive role. This means the wife is focused on the primary socialisation of children. She is the homemaker.
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4
Q

Parsons – Instrumental and expressive roles

What would feminists argue about Parson’s theory on roles in the family?

A

It’s a sexist concept, woman live in a patriarchal society, they want women to be independent and not to soley rely on men.

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5
Q

Bott- Conjugal roles

what are conjugal roles?

A

the roles played by the husband and wife

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6
Q

Bott

Define
* segregated comjugal roles
* joint conjugal roles

A
  • Segregated conjugal roles = where the couple have separate roles, as in Parsons’ instrumental and expressive roles. Their leisure activities also tend to be separate.
  • Joint conjugal roles = where the couple share tasks such as housework and childcare and spend their leisure time together.
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7
Q

Young and Willmott - symmetrical family

How do Y&W describe the roles of men and women at home?

A

family life is gradually becoming more equal for all its members.

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8
Q

Y&W Symmetrical fam.

  • Where is the symmetrical family commonly found?
  • What are the features of a symmetrical family?
A
  • Young couples ( 30 and below) they accept that conjugal roles dont have to be distinct
  • Joint con. roles = women out to work and men hekp with housework and childcare. + couples spend more time together instead of separate.
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9
Q

Y&w Symmetrical family

What social changes have encouraged more symmetrical families?

A
  1. Changes in women’s position – more women working
  2. Geographical mobility – couples living away from their communities
    3.New technology and labour saving devices
  3. Higher standards of living
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10
Q

Fem. view on the housework

Why do they reject the M.O.P view?

A
  • Men and women are still unequal in the family
  • Women still do most of the housework
  • Family and society are still patriarchal
  • Women remain in a subordinate position
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11
Q

Oakley

Why is she critical of Y&W?

A
  • Their claims are exaggerated
  • Evidence of husbands helping once a week is not convincing of symmetry
  • In her own research, Oakley found that 15% of husbands helped with housework and 25% helped with childcare.
  • She found that husbands ‘cherry pick’ the tasks that are most pleasurable for them.
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12
Q

Warde and Hetherington - explain what’s meant by ‘sex-typing’ of domestic task. Give examples

A03

A
  • Found evidence of sex typing of domestic tasks- women more likely to do washing up, men more likely to wash the car
  • men would carry out ‘female’ tasks when they weren’t there to do it for them
  • A03 - Everyone has different levels of contribution to the fam. as in no one can quantify how much is a lot or not enough because everyone’s scale of work is different
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12
Q

Boulton - what evidence has she found to couter argue Y&W’s view?

A
  • Less than 20% of husbands helped with childcare
  • Young and Willmott exaggerate how much husbands contribute
  • Mothers still have more responsibility
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13
Q

M.O.P View - all prove families are becoming equal

What is Y&W’s argument?

A
  • Greater involvement of women in paid work has led to an equal division of labour at home
  • Men are becoming more involved in housework and childcare
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14
Q

M.O.P View - all prove families are becoming equal

What is Gershuny’s argument?

A

His study showed that women who are working outside the home did less domestic work than other women

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15
Q

M.O.P View - all prove families are becoming equal

What does the British social attitudes survey find?

A

Found a decline in the amount of people who think it’s a man’s job to earn money and a woman’s job to looka after the house and family

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15
Q

M.O.P View - all prove families are becoming equal

What is sullivan’s argument?

A
  • Analysed national data and found a trend towards women doing less domestic work and men doing more
  • Showed that more couples have an equal division of labour
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16
Q

Fem. view. - woman working has not led to + equality = carry dual burd

British social attitudes survey

A
  • Women do twice as much
  • Couples still divide tasks along traditional gender lines
17
Q

Fem. view. - woman working has not led to + equality = carry dual burd

What does dex and ward say?

A
  • Study looked into who takes responsibility for children
  • Showed that 1% of fathers took the main responsibility for caring for children when sick
17
Q

Fem. view. - woman working has not led to + equality = carry dual burd

What does Braun et al say?

A
  • Most fathers were ‘background’ fathers
  • they have a provider ideology - just being the breadwinner
18
Q

Fem. view. - woman working has not led to + equality = carry dual burd

What does Duncombe and Marsden say?

A

Women take on a triple shift - emotional, paid and domestic work.

18
Q

Fem. view. - woman working has not led to + equality = carry dual burd

What did Hochschild say?

A
  • Womenare more likely to perform ‘emotional work’
  • they can manage the emotions of the family, make sure everyone’s happy and sort out disagreements etc
19
Q

Fem. view. - woman working has not led to + equality = carry dual burd

What did southerton say?

A
  • Women take responsibility for arranging quality time
  • leisure time for women is usually interupted with their other responsibilities
  • men experience blocks of intertupted leisure time
19
Q

Crompton & Lyonette - explaining the gender division of labour

What is the culture/ideological explanation?

A
  • Patriarchal norms and values shape gender roles
  • Women perform more domestic labour because this is what society expects of them
19
Q

Crompton & Lyonette - explaining the gender division of labour

What is the material/economic explanation?

A
  • Women earn less than men so it is economically rational for them to do more domestic labour
  • Men spend more time earning money
20
Q

Gershuny, Kan, BSA

According to the cultural exp. when will equality be achieved? 3 sociologists - Gershuny, kan, BSA

A

Equality will only be achieved when norms change – change in attitude
1. Gershuny, 1994 = couples are adapting to women working full time and have established a new norm of men doing domestic work
2. Kan, 2001 = found that younger men do more domestic work
3. BSA, 2013 = found a long term change in attitudes, showing that younger age groups are in favour of equal relationships

Showing that younger age groups are in favour of equal relationship

21
Q

Arber & Ginn, Ramos

According to the material exp. when will equality be achieved ?

A
  • women earn as much as their partners, we should see men and women contributing equally at home
  • Arber and Ginn, 1995 = found that better-paid women could afford services such as childcare, rather than carrying out all domestic tasks themselves
  • Ramos, 2003 = found that when the women is the full-time breadwinner and the man is unemployed, they do the same amount of housework
22
Q

Resoruces and decision making

What are Barrett and McIntosh’s 3 main arguments?

A
  • Men tend to make decisions on spending on important items
  • Financial support provided by husbands tends to be unpredictable and come with ‘strings attached’
  • Men gain more from women’s domestic work than they give back in financial support
23
Q

Money management - Pahl and Volger

What is:
1. the allowance system?
2. Pooling, And is ut always equal?

A
  1. Allowance system = men give their wives a set budget to meet the family’s needs. The man keeps the money left over for himself
  2. Pooling = both partners have access to income and take joint responsibility for expenses. For example, having a joint bank account
    There is an increase in pooling

Found that even when couples were pooling, men still made the major financial decisions

24
Q

A03 for pooling

A

Pooling doesn’t mean equality necessarily
We need to know who controls the pool and whether each partner contributes equally

25
Q

Decision making - Hardill

  1. Who did he study?
  2. What was the findings of the study?
  3. Acc. to finch, what does this show?
A
  1. Studied 30 dual-earner couples
  2. Found that important decisions were either made only by the man or jointly
    Man’s career was prioritised when it came to moving house for a new job
  3. Women’s lives are structured around their husband’s career
26
Q

Decision making - Edgell

What are the 3 types of decisions made between couples, and who tend to make them?

How does he explain these findings?

A
  1. Very important decisions = husband makes the decision. If taken jointly, his say is final
  2. Important decisions = taken jointly, or very rarely by the wife alone
  3. Less important decisions = made by the wife

men make the decisions is because they earn more. Women earn less and are therefore financially dependent on husbands

27
Q

Laurie and Gershunny

A03 for Edgell

A

high earning women and well qualified professionals were more likely to have an equal say.
This showed limited move towards equality – based on class and income

28
Q

What is the feminist approach on decision making between couples?

A
  • Societies patriarchal and there’s a culture idea of men being decision makers
  • this is deeply ingrained in society through gender role socialisation
  • they argue we need to challenge this
29
Q

Meanings between interactions - Smart

Personal Life perspective on money: What does this perspective focus on?

A

Focuses on the meaning couples give who controls money

Smart = same sex couples attach no importance to who control the money, they don’t see money as a source of power.

30
Q

Define Domestic Violence (D.V.)

A

Any incident or pattern of incidents of controlling, coercive or threatening behaviour, violence or abuse between those aged 16 or over, who are or have been intimate partners or family members regardless of gender or sexuality

31
Q

Different types of D.V

A
  1. emotional = confinement, isolation, verbal assault, humiliation, intimidation, or any other treatment which may diminish the sense of identity, dignity and self-worth.
  2. Physical = intentional act causing injury or trauma to another person.
  3. Sexual = undesired sexual behaviour by one person upon another
32
Q

What are the sociological views on domestic violence?

A

reject the idea that DV is committed by a few ‘sick’ individuals and that its causes are psychological:
1. DV is too widespread.
2. DV does not occur randomly = it is mainly violence by men against women. 1/3 of female homicide victims are killed by a former or current partner

33
Q

Victims & Women

2 facts on D.V

A
  1. Victims, For every three victims, two are female and one is male
  2. Women, women are more likely to experience repeat victimisation , be physically injured or killed and experience sexual violence
34
Q

Dobash and Dobash

  1. Who did they research? How did they conduct this research?
  2. what were their findings?
A
  1. Interviewed women in women’s refuges in Scotland and used police and court records to research domestic violence
  2. Found that when a husband felt his authority was challenged, he would resort to violence
    They argue that marriage legitimises violence against women by granting men power and authority
35
Q

who is it mainly com. by? / British Crime S.

Official Stats, what do they show about D.V? Give examples

A

Official statistics show that domestic violence does not occur randomly but follows particular social patterns…

  • 99% of incidences against women are committed by men
    Nearly one in four women have been assaulted by a partner some time in their lives, and one in eight repeatedly so.
  • The British Crime Survey for England and Wales (2013) found that two million people reported being victims of domestic abuse in the previous year.
36
Q

A03 for official statistics

A

Police stats on DV are not accurate because of:

  • Under-reporting = victims are not likely to report to the police. It is estimated less than 1/3 of assaults are reported
  • Under-recording = police are unwilling to record, investigate and prosecute DV cases because they don’t want to interfere in the ‘private sphere’ of the family. They fail to see the ‘dark side of the family’. The police view women as free agents – they will leave if they experience abuse
37
Q

Why might victims find it difficult to leave an abusive relationship?

A
  • Family honour / shame –> reputation
  • Blackmail/ manipulation
  • Kids
  • Financial

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