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Biology Paper 1 > Topic 4 Biogenetics > Flashcards

Topic 4 Biogenetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of reaction is photosynthesis?

A

Endothermic

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2
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water > glucose + oxygen

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3
Q

What are the 5 ways plants use glucose produced in photosynthesis?

A

Respiration
Make cellulose
Make amino acids for protein synthesis
Stored as oils/fat
Stored as starch

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4
Q

What is cellulose used for?

A

Make strong plant cell walls

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5
Q

How do plants make amino acids?

A

Combine glucose with nitrate ions

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6
Q

Why is glucose stored as starch?

A

Insoluble- cell with lots of glucose would draw in water and swell up

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7
Q

What are the 4 limiting factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

CO2 concentration
Light intensity
Temperature
Chlorophyll amount

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8
Q

What can the amount of chlorophyll be affected by?

A

Disease or environmental stress (lack of nutrients)

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9
Q

What happens if a plant gets too hot, how does this affect photosynthesis?

A

Enzymes needed for photosynthesis denature

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10
Q

What type of reaction is respiration?

A

Exothermic

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11
Q

What are 3 ways organisms use energy transferred by respiration?

A

Build larger molecules from smaller ones
Muscle contraction
Keep body temp steady

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12
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in muscles?

A

Glucose>lactic acid

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13
Q

Why does anaerobic respiration not transfer as much as energy as aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose isn’t fully oxidised

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14
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plant and yeast cells?

A

Glucose > ethanol + carbon dioxide

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15
Q

What is anaerobic respiration in yeast cells called?

A

Fermentation

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16
Q

Why is fermentation of economic importance?

A

Used to make bread and alcoholic drinks

17
Q

Why does the breathing rate and breath volume increase during exercise?

A

Get more oxygen into blood

18
Q

Why does the heart rate increase during exercise?

A

Get oxygenated blood around body faster

19
Q

What does the incomplete oxidation of glucose/anaerobic respiration cause in the muscles?

A

Lactic acid build up and oxygen debt

20
Q

What do long periods of exercise cause?

A

Muscle fatigue and stop contracting efficiently

21
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

Amount of extra oxygen body needs after exercise to react with **accumulated lactic acid **and remove from cells

22
Q

What does oxygen react with lactic acid to form?

A

CO2 and water

23
Q

Why does the pulse and breathing rate stay high for a while after exercise?

A

Repay oxygen debt

24
Q

What does the blood do to deal with high levels of lactic acid?

A

Blood flowing through muscles transports lactic acid to liver where it’s converted back to glucose

25
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Sum of all chemical reactions in cell/body

26
Q

What are lipid molecules formed from?

A

One molecule glycerol and three molecules fatty acids

27
Q

What are 2 examples of reactions where larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules?

A

Glucose in respiration
Excess protein to urea for excretion

28
Q

What are 3 examples of reactions where larger molecules are made from smaller molecules?

A

Conversion of glucose to starch/glycogen/cellulose
Lipid molecule formation
Amino acid then protein formation

29
Q

What is the relationship between light intensity and distance?

A

Inversely proportional

30
Q

What is the formula for the inverse square law?

A

Light intensity = 1/distance (squared)

31
Q

How do greenhouses help to make sure the temperature doesn’t become limiting?

A

Trap suns heat

32
Q

What do commercial farmers do after the sun goes down to give their plants more quality photosynthesis time?

A

Supply artificial light

33
Q

How do farmers/gardeners increase the level of carbon dioxide in the greenhouse?

A

Use paraffin heater, as paraffin burns makes CO2 as by-product

34
Q

What can farmers add to the soil to provide all the minerals to plants for healthy growth?

A

Fertilisers

35
Q

Why are limiting factors important in the economics of enhancing the conditions in greenhouses?

A

Gain maximum rate of photosynthesis whilst maintaining profit

Biology Paper 1 (4 decks)

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