Topic 2 Organisation Flashcards
1
Q
What is a catalyst?
A
Substance that increases speed of reaction without being changed/used up in reaction
2
Q
What do carboghydrases break down carbohydrates into?
A
Simple sugars
3
Q
What is an example of a carbohydrase that breaks down starch?
A
Amylase
4
Q
Which 3 places is amylase made in?
A
Salivary glands
Pancreas
Small intestine
5
Q
Which 3 places are proteases made in?
A
stomach
Pancreas
small intestine
6
Q
Which 2 places are lipases made in?
A
pancreas
Small intestine
7
Q
What are the products of digestion used to make?
A
New carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
8
Q
Where is bile made?
A
In the liver
9
Q
Where is bile stored?
A
In the gall bladder
10
Q
Where is bile released into?
A
Small intestine
11
Q
How does bile neutralise Hydrochloric acid from the stomach?
A
Bile is alkaline
12
Q
How does emulsifying fats increase the rate of fat breakdown by lipase?
A
Forms small droplets- larger surface area
13
Q
Which solution is used to test for sugars?
A
Benedict’s
14
Q
Which solution is used to test for starch?
A
Iodine
15
Q
Which solution is used to test for protein?
A
Biuret reagent
16
Q
Which solution is used to test for lipids?
A
Sudan 111
17
Q
Where does gas exchange happen in the body?
A
Between Alveoli and blood in capillaries
18
Q
Where are the lungs located in the body?
A
In the thorax (top part of body)
19
Q
What are the lungs surrounded by?
A
Pleural membranes
20
Q
What two tubes does the trachea split into?
A
Bronchi (each one is a bronchus to each lung)**
21
Q
What smaller tubes to the bronchi split into?
A
Bronchioles
22
Q
What happens to oxygen when the blood reaches body cells?
A
Oxygen released from red blood cells and diffuses into body cells
23
Q
What happens to carbon dioxide when blood reaches body cells?
A
Carbon dioxide diffuses out of body cells into blood and carried back to lungs
24
Q
Why is there a low concentration of oxygen and high concentration of CO2 in the blood passing next to the alveoli?
A
Blood has returned to lungs from rest of body
25
What **unit should you calculate breathing rate in**?
**Breaths per minute (bpm)**
26
What **type of blood** does the **right ventricle pump**?
**Deoxygenated**
27
Where does the **right ventricle pump blood to**?
**Lungs** to **take in oxygen**, **blood** then **returns to heart**
28
What **type of blood** does the **left ventricle pump**?
**Oxygenated**
29
Where does the **left ventricle pump blood to**?
**All organs** (other than **lungs**) and **oxygen given to body cells**
30
What are the **walls of the heart mostly made up of**?
**Muscle tissue**
31
What are the **four chambers** of the **heart**?
**Right atrium**
**Right ventricle**
**Left atrium**
**Left ventricle**
32
What are the **names** of **5 blood vessels**?
**Aorta**
**Vena cava**
**Pulmonary artery**
**Pulmonary vein**
**Coronary artery**
33
Which **2 blood vessels** does the **blood flow into the 2 atria from**?
**Vena cava** and **pulmonary vein**
34
How does the **heart** have its **own supply** of **oxygenated blood**?
**Coronary arteries branch of aorta** and **surround heart**
35
What is your **resting heart rate controlled by**?
**group of cells** in **right atrium** that act as a **pacemaker**
36
What does the **hearts pacemaker do**?
Produces **small electrical impulse** which **spreads** to **surrounding muscle cells**, causing them to **contract**
37
What is used to **control heartbeat** if the **natural pacemaker cells don’t work properly/irregular heartbeat**?
**Artificial pacemaker**
38
How does an **artificial pacemaker work**?
**Little device implanted under skin** that has a **wire** going to **heart, produces electric current** to keep **heart beating regularly**
39
What is the **function** of the **arteries**?
**carry blood away from heart**
40
What is the **function** of the **capillaries**?
Involved in **exchange of substances** at **tissues**
41
What is the **function** of the **veins**?
**Carry blood to heart**
42
What **makes** the **artery walls strong and elastic**?
Contain **thick layers of muscle** and **elastic fibres**
43
Why are **artery walls strong and elastic**?
**Heart pumps blood out** at **high pressure**
44
How are **capillaries adapted** so that **substances can diffuse in and out** of them?
**Permeable walls**
45
How **thick** are **capillary walls**?
**One cell thick**
46
How does the **capillaries** having **thin walls increase** the **rate of diffusion**?
**Decreases diffusion distance**
47
How are **capillaries able to exchange surfaces** with **body cells**?
**Carry blood very close** to **every cell** in **body**
48
Why are the **vein walls less thick than artery walls**?
**Blood** is at a **lower pressure**
49
What do **veins have to keep blood flowing** in the **right direction**?
**Valves**
50
What is **blood**?
**Tissue** consisting of **plasma**, in which **white blood cells, red blood cells** and **platelets** are **suspended**
51
What is the **shape** of a **red blood cell** that gives it a **large surface area**?
**Biconcave disk**
52
What is the **red pigment red blood cells contain called**?
**Haemoglobin**
53
What are **platelets**?
**Small fragments** of **cells** with **no nucleus**
54
What do **white blood cells have that red blood cells don’t**?
**Nucleus**
55
What is **plasma**?
**Pale straw-coloured liquid** that **carries everything** in **blood**
56
What does **coronary heart diseases cause**?
**Lack of oxygen** to **heart muscle** (can result in **heart attack**)
57
What is a **stent**?
**Wire mesh tube**
58
What do **statins do**?
**Reduce blood cholesterol levels** - **slows down rate** of **fatty deposits forming**
59
What are **2 advantages** of **stents**?
- **effective** for **long time**
- **quick recovery time** from **surgery**
60
What are **2 disadvantages** of **stents**?
- **risk of complications** during **operation** eg **heart attack**
- **risk of infection** from **surgery**
61
What are **2 advantages** of **statins**?
- **reduce risk** of **strokes, heart attacks, coronary heart disease**
- can **increase beneficial type** of **cholesterol** in **bloodstream**
62
What are **2 disadvantages** of **statins**?
- **long-term drug**, must be **taken regularly**
- can cause **negative side effects**
63
What are **2 ways heart valves** can **become faulty**?
- become **unable** to **open properly**
- become **leaky**
64
What are the **consequences** of having **faulty valves**?
**Blood doesn’t circulate** as **effectively**
65
How can **severe valve damage** be **treated**?
By **replacing valve**
66
What are the **2 types** of **replacement valves**?
**biological valves** (from humans or mammals)
**mechanical valves** (man-made)
67
What is a **risk** of **valve replacement surgery**?
**Blood clots**
68
What are **2 uses** of **artificial hearts**?
- **temporary fix** to keep **patient** with **heart failure alive** until **donor heart found**
- **allow heart** to **rest** to **aid recovery**
69
What is the **main advantage** of **artificial hearts**?
**less likely** to be **rejected** by **immune system** than **donor heart**
70
What are **2 disadvantages** of **artificial hearts**?
- **don’t work as well** as **healthy natural ones** (**parts** could **wear out** or **electric motor fail**)
- **patient** has to **take drugs** to **thin blood** (**prevent blood clots**)
71
What can **different types of diseases do**?
**Interact** and **cause other issues**
72
What are **people** with **defects** in their **immune system more likely to suffer from**?
**Infectious diseases**
73
What can **some types of cancer** be **triggered by**?
**Certain viruses living** in **cells**
74
What can **immune system reactions caused** by a **pathogen trigger**?
**Allergic reactions** such as **skin rashes** or **worse asthma symptoms**
75
What can be **triggered** when **someone is suffering from severe physical health problems**?
**Mental illness/depression**
76
What are **things** that **cause cancer known as**?
**Carcinogens**
77
What is an **example** of a **carcinogen**?
**Ionising radiation**
78
What is **cancer caused by**?
**Changes in cells** that lead to **uncontrolled growth and division** causing formation of **tumour**
79
What is a **benign tumour**?
**Grows** in **one place** (usually within a **membrane**), **does not invade other parts** of **body**
80
**Describe** a **malignant tumour (3 things)**?
**Invade neighbouring tissues**
**spread** to **other parts** of **body** in **bloodstream**
**cancer cells** can **detach** and **form secondary tumours**
81
What are **4 lifestyle risk factors** for **various types** of **cancer**?
**Smoking**
**Obesity**
**UV exposure**
**Viral infection**
82
What are the **6 plant tissues**?
**Epidermal**
**Palisade mesophyll**
**Spongy mesophyll**
**Xylem**
**Phloem**
**Meristem tissue**
83
What does the **epidermal tissue do**?
**Covers whole plant**
84
What is the **epidermal tissue covered with**?
**Waxy cuticle**
85
What does the **waxy cuticle do**?
**Reduces water loss** by **evaporation**
86
Why is the **upper epidermis transparent**?
So **light** can **pass through** to **palisade layer**
87
Why does the **spongy mesophyll tissue** contain **big air spaces**?
Allow **gases** to **diffuse in** and **out of cells**
88
Where is **meristem tissue found**?
**Growing tips** of **shoots** and **roots**
89
What is **meristem tissue able to do**?
**Differentiate** into **different types** of **plant cell**- **plant growth**
90
What do **stomata do**?
Allow **CO2** to **diffuse directly** into **leaf**
91
Where are the **stomata located**?
In **lower epidermis**
92
What do the **roots, stem and leaves form**?
**Plant organ system** for **transport of substances around plant**
93
What are the **phloem composed of**?
**Tubes** of **elongated living cells**
94
Why do **phloem cells have small pores** in their **end walls**?
Allow **cell sap** to **flow through**
95
What is **cell sap**?
**Liquid** made up of **water** and **substances being transported**
96
What do **phloem transport**?
**Dissolved sugars from leaves**
97
Where do the **phloem transport dissolved sugars to**?
**Rest of plant** for **immediate use** or **storage**
98
What is **translocation**?
**Movement of food molecules** through **phloem**
99
What **direction** do **phloem transport substances in**?
**Up and down plant**
100
What do the **xylem transport**?
**Water** and **mineral ions** from **roots**
101
Where do the **xylem transport to**?
**Stem** and **leaves**
102
What is the **transpiration stream**?
**Movement** of **water** from **roots**, through **xylem** and out of **leaves**
103
What are the **xylem tubes composed of**?
**Dead cells** with **no end walls** between them and **hole down middle**
104
What are the **xylem strengthened with**?
**Lignin**
105
What is **transpiration caused by**?
**Evaporation** and **diffusion** of **water** from **plants surface**
106
Where does **most transpiration happen at**?
**Leaves**
107
What does **water evaporating from the leaf create**?
**Slight shortage** of **water** in **leaf**
108
What **happens** when there is a **slight shortage of water in the leaf**?
**More water drawn up** from **rest of plant** through **xylem** to replace it
109
What is there a **constant stream of through the plant**?
**Transpiration**
110
What do **root hair cells take in water using**?
**Osmosis**
111
What do **root hair cells take in minerals using**?
**Active transport**
112
Why do **root hair cells** have to **use active transport to absorb minerals**?
**Concentration of minerals higher** in **root hair cell** than in **soil**
113
What **gives root hair cells a large surface area**?
**Cells** on **plant roots grow into hairs** that **stick out into soil**
114
What is **transpiration a side-effect of**?
Way **leaves** are **adapted** for **photosynthesis**
115
Why does **water escape** from the **leaves through the stomata by diffusion**?
**More water inside plant** than in **air outside**
116
What are the **4 things** that **affect** the **rate of transpiration**?
**Temperature**
**Light intensity**
**Humidity**
**Air flow**
117
How does **light intensity affect** the **rate of transpiration**?
**Brighter light, greater transpiration rate**
118
Why is the **transpiration rate lower** when it’s **dark**?
**Stomata close** (no photosynthesis)- **very little water** can **escape**
119
How does **temperature affect** the **rate of transpiration**?
**Warmer, faster transpiration**
120
Why is the **rate of transpiration higher** when it’s **warmer**?
**Water particles** have **more energy** to evaporate and diffuse out stomata
121
How does **air flow affect** the **rate of transpiration**?
**Better air flow** around **leaf (stronger wind)**, **greater transpiration rate**
122
Why is there a **higher rate of transpiration** when there is **good air flow**?
**Water vapour swept away**- **low concentration** of **water** in **air outside leaf**
123
How does **humidity affect** the **rate of transpiration**?
**Drier air around leaf, faster transpiration rate**
124
How can you **estimate** the **rate of transpiration**?
**Measure uptake of water** by **plant** (**directly related** to **water loss by leaves**)
125
What **2 substances diffuse out through the stomata**?
**Water vapour**
**Oxygen**
126
Where does **carbon dioxide go** after **diffusing into the stomata**?
**Diffuses into cells** for **photosynthesis**
127
What are the **size** of the **stomata controlled by**?
**Guard cells**
128
What are **2 ways** the **leaf is adapted** to be an **exchange surface**?
**Flattened shape**- increase surface area
**Air spaces inside leaf**- increase surface area
129
What **shape** are **guard cells**?
**Kidney** shaped
130
What do **guard cells do** when the **plant has lots of water**?
**Guard cells fill with water**, go **plump** and **turgid** so **stomata open**
131
What do **guard cells do** when the **plant is short of water**?
**Guard cells lose water**, become **flaccid** so **stomata close**
132
What do **guard cells have** to make the **opening** and **closing work**?
**Thin outer walls** and **thickened inner walls**
133
Why are **guard cells sensitive to light**?
**Close at night** to **save water without losing out** on **photosynthesis**
