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Biology Paper 1 > Topic 2 Organisation > Flashcards

Topic 2 Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts

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2
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

Substance that increases speed of reaction without being changed/used up in reaction

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3
Q

What do carboghydrases break down carbohydrates into?

A

Simple sugars

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4
Q

What is an example of a carbohydrase that breaks down starch?

A

Amylase

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5
Q

Which 3 places is amylase made in?

A

Salivary glands
Pancreas
Small intestine

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6
Q

Which 3 places are proteases made in?

A

stomach
Pancreas
small intestine

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7
Q

Which 2 places are lipases made in?

A

pancreas
Small intestine

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8
Q

What are the products of digestion used to make?

A

New carbohydrates, lipids and proteins

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9
Q

Where is bile made?

A

In the liver

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10
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

In the gall bladder

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11
Q

Where is bile released into?

A

Small intestine

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12
Q

How does bile neutralise Hydrochloric acid from the stomach?

A

Bile is alkaline

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13
Q

How does emulsifying fats increase the rate of fat breakdown by lipase?

A

Forms small droplets- larger surface area

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14
Q

Which solution is used to test for sugars?

A

Benedict’s

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15
Q

Which solution is used to test for starch?

A

Iodine

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16
Q

Which solution is used to test for protein?

A

Biuret reagent

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17
Q

Which solution is used to test for lipids?

A

Sudan 111

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18
Q

Where does gas exchange happen in the body?

A

Between Alveoli and blood in capillaries

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19
Q

Where are the lungs located in the body?

A

In the thorax (top part of body)

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20
Q

What are the lungs surrounded by?

A

Pleural membranes

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21
Q

What two tubes does the trachea split into?

A

Bronchi (each one is a bronchus to each lung)**

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22
Q

What smaller tubes to the bronchi split into?

A

Bronchioles

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23
Q

What happens to oxygen when the blood reaches body cells?

A

Oxygen released from red blood cells and diffuses into body cells

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24
Q

What happens to carbon dioxide when blood reaches body cells?

A

Carbon dioxide diffuses out of body cells into blood and carried back to lungs

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25
Q

Why is there a low concentration of oxygen and high concentration of CO2 in the blood passing next to the alveoli?

A

Blood has returned to lungs from rest of body

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26
Q

What unit should you calculate breathing rate in?

A

Breaths per minute (bpm)

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27
Q

What type of blood does the right ventricle pump?

A

Deoxygenated

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28
Q

Where does the right ventricle pump blood to?

A

Lungs to take in oxygen, blood then returns to heart

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29
Q

What type of blood does the left ventricle pump?

A

Oxygenated

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30
Q

Where does the left ventricle pump blood to?

A

All organs (other than lungs) and oxygen given to body cells

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31
Q

What are the walls of the heart mostly made up of?

A

Muscle tissue

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32
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart?

A

Right atrium
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Left ventricle

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33
Q

What are the names of 5 blood vessels?

A

Aorta
Vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
Coronary artery

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34
Q

Which 2 blood vessels does the blood flow into the 2 atria from?

A

Vena cava and pulmonary vein

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35
Q

How does the heart have its own supply of oxygenated blood?

A

Coronary arteries branch of aorta and surround heart

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36
Q

What is your resting heart rate controlled by?

A

group of cells in right atrium that act as a pacemaker

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37
Q

What does the hearts pacemaker do?

A

Produces small electrical impulse which spreads to surrounding muscle cells, causing them to contract

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38
Q

What is used to control heartbeat if the natural pacemaker cells don’t work properly/irregular heartbeat?

A

Artificial pacemaker

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39
Q

How does an artificial pacemaker work?

A

Little device implanted under skin that has a wire going to heart, produces electric current to keep heart beating regularly

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40
Q

What is the function of the arteries?

A

carry blood away from heart

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41
Q

What is the function of the capillaries?

A

Involved in exchange of substances at tissues

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42
Q

What is the function of the veins?

A

Carry blood to heart

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43
Q

What makes the artery walls strong and elastic?

A

Contain thick layers of muscle and elastic fibres

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44
Q

Why are artery walls strong and elastic?

A

Heart pumps blood out at high pressure

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45
Q

How are capillaries adapted so that substances can diffuse in and out of them?

A

Permeable walls

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46
Q

How thick are capillary walls?

A

One cell thick

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47
Q

How does the capillaries having thin walls increase the rate of diffusion?

A

Decreases diffusion distance

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48
Q

How are capillaries able to exchange surfaces with body cells?

A

Carry blood very close to every cell in body

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49
Q

Why are the vein walls less thick than artery walls?

A

Blood is at a lower pressure

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50
Q

What do veins have to keep blood flowing in the right direction?

A

Valves

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51
Q

What is blood?

A

Tissue consisting of plasma, in which white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets are suspended

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52
Q

What is the shape of a red blood cell that gives it a large surface area?

A

Biconcave disk

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53
Q

What is the red pigment red blood cells contain called?

A

Haemoglobin

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54
Q

What are platelets?

A

Small fragments of cells with no nucleus

55
Q

What do white blood cells have that red blood cells don’t?

A

Nucleus

56
Q

What is plasma?

A

Pale straw-coloured liquid that carries everything in blood

57
Q

What does coronary heart diseases cause?

A

Lack of oxygen to heart muscle (can result in heart attack)

58
Q

What is a stent?

A

Wire mesh tube

59
Q

What do statins do?

A

Reduce blood cholesterol levels - slows down rate of fatty deposits forming

60
Q

What are 2 advantages of stents?

A
  • effective for long time
  • quick recovery time from surgery
61
Q

What are 2 disadvantages of stents?

A
  • risk of complications during operation eg heart attack
  • risk of infection from surgery
62
Q

What are 2 advantages of statins?

A
  • reduce risk of strokes, heart attacks, coronary heart disease
  • can increase beneficial type of cholesterol in bloodstream
63
Q

What are 2 disadvantages of statins?

A
  • long-term drug, must be taken regularly
  • can cause negative side effects
64
Q

What are 2 ways heart valves can become faulty?

A
  • become unable to open properly
  • become leaky
65
Q

What are the consequences of having faulty valves?

A

Blood doesn’t circulate as effectively

66
Q

How can severe valve damage be treated?

A

By replacing valve

67
Q

What are the 2 types of replacement valves?

A

biological valves (from humans or mammals)
mechanical valves (man-made)

68
Q

What is a risk of valve replacement surgery?

A

Blood clots

69
Q

What are 2 uses of artificial hearts?

A
  • temporary fix to keep patient with heart failure alive until donor heart found
  • allow heart to rest to aid recovery
70
Q

What is the main advantage of artificial hearts?

A

less likely to be rejected by immune system than donor heart

71
Q

What are 2 disadvantages of artificial hearts?

A
  • don’t work as well as healthy natural ones (parts could wear out or electric motor fail)
  • patient has to take drugs to thin blood (prevent blood clots)
72
Q

What can different types of diseases do?

A

Interact and cause other issues

73
Q

What are people with defects in their immune system more likely to suffer from?

A

Infectious diseases

74
Q

What can some types of cancer be triggered by?

A

Certain viruses living in cells

75
Q

What can immune system reactions caused by a pathogen trigger?

A

Allergic reactions such as skin rashes or worse asthma symptoms

76
Q

What can be triggered when someone is suffering from severe physical health problems?

A

Mental illness/depression

77
Q

What are things that cause cancer known as?

A

Carcinogens

78
Q

What is an example of a carcinogen?

A

Ionising radiation

79
Q

What is cancer caused by?

A

Changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and division causing formation of tumour

80
Q

What is a benign tumour?

A

Grows in one place (usually within a membrane), does not invade other parts of body

81
Q

What is a malignant tumour?

A

Invade neighbouring tissues, spread to other parts of body in bloodstream, cancer cells can detach and form secondary tumours

82
Q

What are 4 lifestyle risk factors for various types of cancer?

A

Smoking
Obesity
UV exposure
Viral infection

83
Q

What are the 6 plant tissues?

A

Epidermal
Palisade mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll
Xylem
Phloem
Meristem tissue

84
Q

What does the epidermal tissue do?

A

Covers whole plant

85
Q

What is the epidermal tissue covered with?

A

Waxy cuticle

86
Q

What does the waxy cuticle do?

A

Reduces water loss by evaporation

87
Q

Why is the upper epidermis transparent?

A

So light can pass through to palisade layer

88
Q

Why does the spongy mesophyll tissue contain big air spaces?

A

Allow gases to diffuse in and out of cells

89
Q

Where is meristem tissue found?

A

Growing tips of shoots and roots

90
Q

What is meristem tissue able to do?

A

Differentiate into different types of plant cell- plant growth

91
Q

What do stomata do?

A

Allow CO2 to diffuse directly into leaf

92
Q

Where are the stomata located?

A

In lower epidermis

93
Q

What do the roots, stem and leaves form?

A

Plant organ system for transport of substances around plant

94
Q

What are the phloem composed of?

A

Tubes of elongated living cells

95
Q

Why do phloem cells have small pores in their end walls?

A

Allow cell sap to flow through

96
Q

What is cell sap?

A

Liquid made up of water and substances being transported

97
Q

What do phloem transport?

A

Dissolved sugars from leaves

98
Q

Where do the phloem transport dissolved sugars to?

A

Rest of plant for immediate use or storage

99
Q

What is translocation?

A

Movement of food molecules through phloem

100
Q

What direction do phloem transport substances in?

A

Up and down plant

101
Q

What do the xylem transport?

A

Water and mineral ions from roots

102
Q

Where do the xylem transport to?

A

Stem and leaves

103
Q

What is the transpiration stream?

A

Movement of water from roots, through xylem and out of leaves

104
Q

What are the xylem tubes composed of?

A

Dead cells with no end walls between them and hole down middle

105
Q

What are the xylem strengthened with?

A

Lignin

106
Q

What is transpiration caused by?

A

Evaporation and diffusion of water from plants surface

107
Q

Where does most transpiration happen at?

A

Leaves

108
Q

What does water evaporating from the leaf create?

A

Slight shortage of water in leaf

109
Q

What happens when there is a slight shortage of water in the leaf?

A

More water drawn up from rest of plant through xylem to replace it

110
Q

What is there a constant stream of through the plant?

A

Transpiration

111
Q

What do root hair cells take in water using?

A

Osmosis

112
Q

What do root hair cells take in minerals using?

A

Active transport

113
Q

Why do root hair cells have to use active transport to absorb minerals?

A

Concentration of minerals higher in root hair cell than in soil

114
Q

What gives root hair cells a large surface area?

A

Cells on plant roots grow into hairs that stick out into soil

115
Q

What is transpiration a side-effect of?

A

Way leaves are adapted for photosynthesis

116
Q

Why does water escape from the leaves through the stomata by diffusion?

A

More water inside plant than in air outside

117
Q

What are the 4 things that affect the rate of transpiration?

A

Temperature
Light intensity
Humidity
Air flow

118
Q

How does light intensity affect the rate of transpiration?

A

Brighter light, greater transpiration rate

119
Q

Why is the transpiration rate lower when it’s dark?

A

Stomata close (no photosynthesis)- very little water can escape

120
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of transpiration?

A

Warmer, faster transpiration

121
Q

Why is the rate of transpiration higher when it’s warmer?

A

Water particles have more energy to evaporate and diffuse out stomata

122
Q

How does air flow affect the rate of transpiration?

A

Better air flow around leaf (stronger wind), greater transpiration rate

123
Q

Why is there a higher rate of transpiration when there is good air flow?

A

Water vapour swept away- low concentration of water in air outside leaf

124
Q

How does humidity affect the rate of transpiration?

A

Drier air around leaf, faster transpiration rate

125
Q

How can you estimate the rate of transpiration?

A

Measure uptake of water by plant (directly related to water loss by leaves)

126
Q

What 2 substances diffuse out through the stomata?

A

Water vapour
Oxygen

127
Q

Where does carbon dioxide go after diffusing into the stomata?

A

Diffuses into cells for photosynthesis

128
Q

What are the size of the stomata controlled by?

A

Guard cells

129
Q

What are 2 ways the leaf is adapted to be an exchange surface?

A

Flattened shape- increase surface area
Air spaces inside leaf- increase surface area

130
Q

What shape are guard cells?

A

Kidney shaped

131
Q

What do guard cells do when the plant has lots of water?

A

Guard cells fill with water, go plump and turgid so stomata open

132
Q

What do guard cells do when the plant is short of water?

A

Guard cells lose water, become flaccid so stomata close

133
Q

What do guard cells have to make the opening and closing work?

A

Thin outer walls and thickened inner walls

134
Q

Why are guard cells sensitive to light?

A

Close at night to save water without losing out on photosynthesis

Biology Paper 1 (4 decks)

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