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Biology > Topic 4 - Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Topic 4 - Bioenergetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water –light–> glucose + oxygen

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2
Q

What is the symbol for carbon dioxide in the photosynthesis equation?

A

6 CO2

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3
Q

What is the symbol for water in the photosynthesis equation?

A

6 H2O

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4
Q

What is the symbol for glucose in the photosynthesis equation?

A

C6H12O6

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5
Q

What is the symbol for oxygen in the photosynthesis equation?

A

6O2

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6
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

An endothermic reaction in which energy is transferred from the environment to the chloroplasts by light

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7
Q

What are the four limiting factors of photosynthesis?

A

Light intensity
Amount of chlorophyll
Temperature
Concentration of CO2

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8
Q

What is a limiting factor?

A

A factor stopping photosynthesis from happening any faster

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9
Q

What factors are limiting at night?

A

Light intensity

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10
Q

What factors are limiting in the winter?

A

Temperature

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11
Q

When is CO2 a limiting factor?

A

If it’s warm enough and bright enough

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12
Q

How is chlorophyll a limiting factor?

A

The amount of chlorophyll can be affected by disease or environmental stress (lack of nutrients) which damage chloroplasts and cause them to not make enough chlorophyll so they can’t absorb as much light

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13
Q

What is the inverse square law?

A

Distance squared and light intensity are inversely proportional

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14
Q

What is the equation for the inverse square law?

A

Light intensity = k / distance (squared)

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15
Q

How do you artificially create the ideal conditions for farming?

A

Using a greenhouse

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16
Q

How do greenhouses work?

A

They trap the suns heat and make sure temperature doesn’t become limiting

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17
Q

How does a farmer keep the ideal conditions while still making a profit?

A

If the conditions are just right, the plant will grow faster and be a decent crop to be harvested more often and therefore more can be sold from one plant otherwise they will waste money

18
Q

What is glucose in plants used for?

A
  • respiration
  • converted to insoluble starch for storage
  • produce fat or oil for storage
  • produce cellulose to strengthen cell wall
  • produce amino acids doe protein synthesis
19
Q

What is respiration?

A

The process of transferring energy from glucose which goes in every cell

20
Q

Is respiration endothermic or exothermic?

A

Exothermic - it transfers energy to the environment

21
Q

What does respiration transfer energy for?

A

Chemical reactions to build larger molecules
Movement
Keeping warm

22
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Respiration using oxygen

23
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Without oxygen

24
Q

Where does aerobic respiration happen?

A

Mitochondria

25
Q

What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen —-> carbon dioxide + water

26
Q

What is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —-> 6CO2 + 6H2O

27
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration? (In animals)

A

Glucose —-> lactic acid

28
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration? (In plants and yeast)

A

Glucose —-> ethanol + carbon dioxide

29
Q

Why is less energy transferred in anaerobic respiration?

A

The oxidation of glucose is incomplete

30
Q

What is anaerobic respiration in heats cells called?

A

Fermentation

31
Q

When is fermentation used in industry?

A

To make bread and alcoholic drinks

32
Q

What happens during exercise?

A

The human body reacts to the increased demand for energy

33
Q

What increases during exercise to supply the muscles with more oxygenated blood?

A

Heart rate
Breathing rate
Breath volume

34
Q

What happens if there is an insufficient supply of oxygen?

A

Anaerobic respiration happens in the muscles

35
Q

What does the incomplete oxidation of glucose cause?

A

Lactic acid to build up and oxygen debt

36
Q

What happens in long periods of vigorous exercise?

A

Muscles become fatigues and stop contracting efficiently

37
Q

What transports lactic acid away from the muscles and where to?

A

Blood transports it to the liver where it is converted back to glucose

38
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

The amount of extra oxygen the body needs after exercise to react with the lactic acid and remove it form cells

39
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of all the chemical reactions in an organism

40
Q

What is the energy used for in cells?

A

Continual enzyme controlled processes of metabolism that synthesise new molecules

41
Q

What does metabolism do?

A
  • converts glucose to starch, glycogen and cellulose
  • forms lipid molecules from 1x glycerol and 3x fatty acids
  • uses glucose and nitrate ions to form amino acids which synthesises proteins
  • respiration
  • breakdown excess proteins from urea for excretion

Biology (7 decks)

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