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Biology > Topic 3 - Infection + Response > Flashcards

Topic 3 - Infection + Response Flashcards

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1
Q

What are PATHOGENS?

A

MICROORGANISMS that enter the body and cause DISEASE.

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2
Q

Define COMMUNICABLE diseases.

A

Disease that can SPREAD.

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3
Q

What is BACTERIA?

A

Small cells which can rapidly reproduce inside your body. These can be harmful or helpful to our immune system.

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4
Q

How does BACTERIA make you feel ill?

A

Bacteria can produce toxins that damage your cells and tissues.

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5
Q

Compare BACTERIA and VIRUSES.

A
  • viruses are not cells, bacteria are.
  • they both reproduce rapidly
  • they both make you feel ill
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6
Q

How does a VIRUS make you feel ill?

A

Viruses will reproduce rapidly to make copies, the cell will then not be able to hold all of these copies and BURST, damaging the cell and releasing more viruses making you ill.

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7
Q

How can we reduce the SPREAD of disease?

A
  • Taking antibiotics
  • Keeping hospitals sanitary (antiseptics + gloves)
  • Staying away from people when you have a contagious disease
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8
Q

Where do VIRUSES live and reproduce?

A

In cells.

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9
Q

What are PROTISTS and PARASITES?

A
  • Mostly single-celled eukaryotes
  • Parasites are Protists
    They live on or inside the body and can cause damage.
    They are transferred to organisms by a VECTOR which doesn’t get the disease itself (e.g. an insect)
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10
Q

What are FUNGI?

A
  • some are single-celled, others have bodies made of hyphae (a thread like structure) which can GROW and penetrate plants and animals. They can also produce SPORES which can be spread to other plants and animals.
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11
Q

How do PATHOGENS spread? (Give examples of diseases spread in the three ways)

A
  • WATER (e.g. Cholera)
  • AIR - some are carried in droplets from when you sneeze or cough (e.g. Influenza)
  • DIRECT CONTACT (e.g. Athletes Foot)
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12
Q

Tell me about measles.

A
  • Virus - spread by droplets from coughs or sneezes, give you a fever and red rash, but most people are vaccinated as it can be fatal.
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13
Q

Tell me about HIV.

A
  • Virus - spread by sexual contact or exchange on body fluids, flu symptoms that can be controlled by ANTIRETROVIRAL drugs that stop it REPLICATING, if immune system is so damaged it can develop into AIDS as it can’t deal with other infections.
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14
Q

Tell me about Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV).

A
  • Virus - affects plants including tomatoes, causes mosaic pattern on leaves and discolouring, this means photosynthesis can’t happen and allows the virus to grow.
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15
Q

Explain what Rose Black Spot is.

A

It is a fungal disease which causes black spots to develop on leaves of rose plants and drop off. This means it can’t photosynthesise and won’t grow.
It spreads through water and air. Plants can be treated by being stripped of infected leaves and destroying them so it can’t spread.

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16
Q

What is Malaria caused by? Explain the malaria lifecycle.

A
  • caused by a PROTIST
    Mosquitos are vectors for malaria, every time time it feeds on another animal it infects it by inserting the protist into the animals blood vessels. To stop it spreading we can stop mosquitos breeding.
    It causes repeating episodes of fever. Protection through insecticides and nets.
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17
Q

What is SALMONELLA?

A

Bacteria that causes food poisoning, from toxins produced by bacteria, spread by eating uncooked food. To control it, UK chickens are given a vaccination against it.

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18
Q

What is GONORRHOEA?

A

STD - caused by bacteria. It is painful to urinate. Treated with antibiotic (penicillin) but has become resistant. To prevent spread have protected sex and use antibiotics.

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19
Q

Describe the four ways to reduce and prevent disease.

A
  • being hygienic
  • destroying vectors
  • isolating infected individuals
  • vaccination
20
Q

Identify the defence systems of the human body against pathogens.

A

Skin, nose (hair and mucus), stomach (hydrochloric acid), bronchi and trachea (mucus and cilia)

21
Q

What happens if pathogens make it into your body?

A

WHITE BLOOD CELLS in your IMMUNE SYSTEM engulf foreign cells and digest them (PHAGOCYTOSIS) or by producing antibodies that lock into antigens (specific) on pathogens so that white blood cells can destroy them. If this happens again the white blood cell will recognise it and know how to fight it straightaway. And my producing ANTITOXINS to neutralise TOXINS.

22
Q

How does a vaccination work?

A

Injecting small amount of dead or inactive pathogens which carry antigens, so your body reacts like it would if it were real. This means that if you get it again your body knows what to do and you won’t get ill.

23
Q

What is the role of a PAINKILLER? (Give an example)

A

Painkillers mask pain but don’t relieve symptoms/kill bacteria.
E.g. Paracetamol

24
Q

What do ANTIBIOTICS do? (Give an example)

A

Antibiotics kill bacteria (different antibiotics for different bacteria)
E.g. Penicillin

25
Q

How has the number of deaths caused by infectious bacterial diseases changed since antibiotics came around?

A

Greatly reduced

26
Q

Do antibiotics kill viruses? Explain why.

A

No, it is difficult to develop drugs that kill viruses as the grow in cells so the drugs may also damage the body’s tissues.

27
Q

How does a bacteria become RESISTANT?

A

Bacteria can mutate and become resistant, these will survive and reproduce making the population of the resistant strain increase (natural selection)
E.g. MRSA

28
Q

How do you slow down the rate of development if resistant strains?

A
  • Doctors shouldn’t over-prescribe antibiotics

- you must finish your course of antibiotics

29
Q

Where do dugs come from?

A

Plants and microorganisms

  • DIGITALIS - treats heart conditions, developed from foxgloves
  • ASPIRIN - painkiller, developed from willow
  • PENICILLIN - discovered by Fleming from Penicillium mould
30
Q

How are drugs made in the modern world?

A

In the pharmaceutical industry (but could still be started from plants)

31
Q

What are the three things that new drugs are tested for?

A

Efficacy
Toxins
Dosage

32
Q

What happens in preclinical tests?

A

Conducted in a laboratory using cells, tissues and live animals

33
Q

What happens in clinical trials?

A

Human voluntary testing - low doses are given at start, if it is safe more trials are carried out to find optimum dose, placebo in double blind/blind trials

34
Q

What are doubled blind and blind trials?

A
  • double blind = doctors and patients both think it is medicine
  • blind = doctor knows if it is placebo or real, patient doesn’t
35
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

They are identical, produced from clones of a single white blood cell. They are specific to one antigen.

36
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

A

A lymphocyte cell and tumour cell and fused making HYBRIDOMA. This can divide and make antibodies, so they are cloned to make more.

37
Q

What can be done to large amounts on antibodies in hybridoma?

A

Collected and purified.

38
Q

How can MONOCLONAL antibodies be used?

A
  • pregnancy diagnosis
  • measure hormone levels in blood (in labs) or detect pathogens
  • to identify specific molecules in cells or tissues by binding them to fluorescent dye
  • treat diseases: cancer - monoclonal antibody bonded to radioactive substance/toxic drug/chemical that stops cell growing and dividing
39
Q

How can you detect plant diseases?

A

Stunted growth, spotty leaves, areas of decay, growths, malformed stems + leaves, discolouration, and presence of pests.

40
Q

How can you make identification of plant diseases?

A
  • gardening manuals
  • taking infected plants to labs
  • using testing kits (contain monoclonal antibodies)
41
Q

What are the ION DEFICIENCY conditions that damage plants?

A
  • stunted growth - nitrate deficiency

- chlorosis - magnesium deficiency

42
Q

What are the physical defence responses of plants?

A
  • cellulose cell walls
  • waxy cuticle on leaves
  • layers of dead cells on stems which fall off
43
Q

What are the chemical plant defence responses?

A
  • antibacterial chemicals

- poison

44
Q

What are the mechanical plant defence responses?

A
  • thorns and hairs
  • leaves which droop or curl when touched
  • mimicry (to trick animals)
45
Q

What is malaria?

A

A protist disease causing recurring fever and can be fatal

46
Q

How can the spread of malaria be prevented?

A

Limiting contract with vectors (mosquitos)

  • stop them breeding
  • sleep under a net

Biology (7 decks)

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