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Biology > Topic 2 - Organistation > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Organistation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name 5 plant tissues.

A 
Epidermal tissue
Palisade mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll
Xylem + phloem 
Meristem tissue (found at tips of roots)
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2
Q

Name three plant organs.

A

Stem
Leaves
Roots

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3
Q

How is the epidermal tissue adapted to its function?

A 
Waxy cuticle (reduce water loss by evaporation)
Upper epidermis is transparent (allows light to pass through to the palisade layer)
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4
Q

How is the palisade layer adapted to its function?

A

Has lots of chloroplast near top of leaf where they get the most light

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5
Q

How are the xylem and phloem adapted to their functions?

A

Form a network of vascular bundles (to deliver water, mineral ions and sugar to entire leaf and take away glucose produced by photosynthesis)
Help support structure

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6
Q

How is the spongy mesophyll tissue adapted to its function?

A

Air spaces to increase rate of diffusion of gases

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7
Q

How is the lower epidermis adapted to its function?

A

Full of stomata to diffuse CO2

They open and close by using guard cells in response to environmental conditions

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8
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The loss of water from the plant

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9
Q

What is transpiration caused by?

A

The evaporation and diffusion of water from a pants surface

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10
Q

What happens in transpiration?

A

Evaporation creates shortage of water in leaf so more is drawn up via xylem (from the roots)
There is a constant transpiration stream through the plant

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11
Q

What are the four things that effect transpiration rates?

A

Light intensity
Temperature
Air flow
Humidity

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12
Q

How does light intensity affect transpiration rates?

A

Brighter light = greater transpiration rates
Stomata close in the dark - photosynthesis can’t happen so stomata don’t need to open and let CO2 in -so little water can escape

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13
Q

How does temperature affect transpiration rates?

A

Warmer temp = faster transpiration rates

Water particles have more energy when its warm so they evaporate and can diffuse out of the stomata

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14
Q

How does air flow affect the transpiration rate?

A

Better air flow (strong wind) = greater transpiration rate
If there is little wind then water vapour surrounds leaf and doesn’t move away - high concentration of water particles inside and outside of leaf - so diffusion can’t happen quickly

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15
Q

How does humidity affect transpiration rates?

A

Drier air = faster transpiration rates
If air is humid there is a lot of water in it already - high concentration of water particles inside and outside of leaf - can’t diffuse quickly

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16
Q

How can you estimate the rate of transpiration?

A

By measuring the uptake of water

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17
Q

What is translocation?

A

The process by which the phloem transports food around the leaf

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18
Q

What happens in translocation?

A

Phloem transport sugars (made in leaves) around rest of plant for immediate use or storage.
It can flow in both directions

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19
Q

What is the phloem made of?

A

Columns of elongated living cells with small pores in the end walls to allow cell sap to flow through it

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20
Q

What is the function of guard cells?

A

Open and close stomata

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21
Q

How do guard cells control the stomata when it is filled with water?

A

the guard cells are filled with it and plump up - the stomata must then open to release this water via evaporation so gases can be exchanged for photosynthesis

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22
Q

How do guard cells control the stomata when it is low on water?

A

The guard cells have no water and are empty making the stomata close to help stop too much water evaporating

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23
Q

How are guard cells and stomata adapted for gas exchange and water control?

A

Thin outer walls and thick inner walls
Sensitive to light - close at night
More stomata on underside (no direct sunlight so no excess evaporation happens)

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24
Q

What do cells makeup?

A

Tissues

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25
Q

What do tissues makeup?

A

Organs

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26
Q

What do organs make up?

A

Systems

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27
Q

What do systems make up?

A

An organism

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28
Q

What is the first stage of the digestive system?

A

In the mouth

  • food is chewed and physically broken down
  • enzymes in the salvia then start the chemical reaction
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29
Q

What is stage 2 if the digestive system?

A

In the oesophagus

- contracts to push food down to stomach

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30
Q

What is stage 3 of the digestive system?

A

In the stomach

- food is mixed with HCl to kill bacteria (chemical breakdown)

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31
Q

What is stage 4 of the digestive system?

A

In the liver

- bile is produced to neutralise acids

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32
Q

What is stage 5 of the digestive system?

A

In the small intestine

- absorbs food into bloodstream via villi (large surface area)

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33
Q

What is stage 6 of the digestive system?

A

In the large intestine

- excess water is absorbed

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34
Q

What is stage 7 of the digestive system?

A

In the rectum

- stored as faeces

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35
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts

36
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Help to control the rate of reaction

37
Q

What are enzymes made from?

A

Large protein molecules made up of chains of amino acids folded into certain shapes

38
Q

What is the shape of an enzyme and its matching substrate called?

A

Lock and key

39
Q

How are enzymes denatured?

A

High temperatures

Wrong pH

40
Q

What is the active site of an enzyme?

A

Where the enzyme breaks the substrate down

41
Q

At what temperature are most enzymes denatured?

A

40 degrees Celsius

42
Q

Where is amylase made?

A

Mouth
Pancreas
Small intestine

43
Q

What does amylase do?

A

Breaks down starch into glucose

44
Q

Where is protease found?

A

Stomach
Pancreas
Small intestine

45
Q

What does protease do?

A

Breaks down proteins to amino acids

46
Q

Where is lipase made?

A

Pancreas

Small intestine

47
Q

What does lipase do?

A

Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol

48
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

Gall bladder

49
Q

What does bile do?

A 
Neutralises stomachs acid (produces alkaline conditions) 
Emulsified fats (physical breakdown)
50
Q

What features of the liver mean that fats can be broken down quicker?

A

Alkaline conditions

Large surface area of droplets

51
Q

What are the four parts of the respiratory system?

A

Lung > bronchus > bronchioles > alveoli

52
Q

What are alveoli and how big are they?

A

Air sacs

One cell thick

53
Q

What is stage 1 of the heart in the circulatory system?

A

Deoxygenated blood enters heart through vena cava into right atrium

54
Q

What is stage 2 of the heart in the circulatory system?

A

The blood is pumped through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle

55
Q

What is stage 3 of the heart in the circulatory system?

A

Blood is pumped through the valve to the lugs via the pulmonary artery

56
Q

What is stage 4 of the heart in the circulatory system?

A

Oxygenated blood from lungs enters left atrium from pulmonary vein

57
Q

What is stage 5 of the heart in the circulatory system?

A

The blood is pumped through the valve into the left ventricle

58
Q

What is stage 6 of the heart in the circulatory system?

A

Blood is pumped out of the aorta to the rest of the body

59
Q

Why does the left side have thicker walls?

A

Oxygenated blood
High pressure
More powerful contraction to get blood around body not just to lungs

60
Q

What are pacemaker cells?

A

Control heart rate by producing small electrical impulses that cause the heart to contract

61
Q

Where are pacemaker cells?

A

Right side of heart

62
Q

What can be done if pacemaker cells fail?

A

An artificial pacemaker can be fitted

63
Q

What is the lumen?

A

Space where blood flows inside veins, arteries and capillaries

64
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Carry high pressure blood away from heart

65
Q

Why do arteries have thick walls?

A

Fast speed

66
Q

What do veins do?

A

Carry low pressure blood back to heart

67
Q

Why doe veins have thinner walls?

A

Less pressure and elasticity

68
Q

Why do veins have valves?

A

Prevent back flow

69
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

Connect veins and arteries

70
Q

Why do capillaries have thin walls?

A

Only one cell thick

Aloe glucose and oxygen to pass through into muscles

71
Q

Where are red blood cells made?

A

Bone marrow

72
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

Carry oxygen

73
Q

How are red blood cells adapted to maximise oxygen diffusion?

A

Large surface area

Lots of haemoglobin

74
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Clot blood to form scabs

75
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

Fight infection

76
Q

What is plasma?

A

Straw coloured liquid part of blood that transports CO2, oxygen and takes waste products to kidneys

77
Q

What causes heart disease?

A

Layers of cholesterol build up inside arteries and prevent blood flow and increase pressure

78
Q

How can we reduce cholesterol?

A

Statins

79
Q

What do statins do?

A

Slow down build up or fatty materials by killing cholesterol

80
Q

What is the negative impact of using statins?

A

Damages good cholesterol
Not instant
Negative side effects
Long term drug that need to be taken regularly

81
Q

What is cancer?

A

Uncontrollable growth and cell division

82
Q

What are benign tumours?

A

Doesn’t effect physical health

Not cancerous

83
Q

What are malignant tumours?

A

Invade neighbouring cells and spread to form secondary tumours
Cancerous

84
Q

What are stents?

A

Tubes that are I stereo into arteries to keep them open

85
Q

What is an advantage of a stent?

A

Lower risk of heart attack

Effective for a long time with quick recovery time from surgery

86
Q

What are the disadvantages of stents?

A

Complicated surgery

Blood clots can develop near stents - THROMBOSIS

Biology (7 decks)

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