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Manley-Buser - Phys I - Topic 3 & 4 - Arthrology & Skeletal System > Topic 4 - Arthrology > Flashcards

Topic 4 - Arthrology Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 “degree of movement” classifications

A

Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

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2
Q

Synarthrosis

A

Immovable

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3
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

Slightly movable

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4
Q

Diarthrosis

A

Freely movable

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5
Q

Classifications of joints

A

Degree of movement & Structure

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6
Q

Subcategories of structure

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

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7
Q

Fibrous structure

A

Bones fastened together by thin layers of fibrous (dense) connective tissue

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8
Q

Classifications within fibrous structure

A

Syndesmosis, suture, gomphosis,

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9
Q

Syndesmosis

A

Bones joined by a fibrous band which forms an ‘interosseous ligament’ / membrane

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10
Q

Syndesmosis movement classification

A

Amphiarthrosis

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11
Q

Suture

A

Only between some bones of the skull

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12
Q

Bones are joined by a very __________ __________ _________ which forms a ‘sutural ligament’

A

Short fibrous band

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13
Q

Suture movement classification

A

Synarthrosis

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14
Q

Gomphosis

A

Articulations between tooth root and alveolus (bony socket); consists of a very short fibrous band which forms a ‘periodontal ligament’

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15
Q

Gomphosis movement classification

A

Synarthrosis

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16
Q

Cartilaginous structure of classification

A

Connection consists of hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

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17
Q

Types of cartilaginous classification

A

Synchondrosis & symphysis

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18
Q

Synchondorosis

A

Bones are united by a plate of hyaline cartilage

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19
Q

Is there both temporary and permanent synchondroses?

A

Yes

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20
Q

Synchrondosis movement classification

A

Synarthrosis

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21
Q

Examples of synchondrosis

A

1st rib & sternum (the rest are synovial)

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22
Q

Symphysis

A

Articular surfaces are covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage, which in turn is attached to a pad of fibrocartilage

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23
Q

Symphysis movement classification

A

Amphiarthrosis

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24
Q

Symphysis examples

A

Pubic symphysis, intervertebral disks

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25
Synovial definition
Space between articulating bones filled with synovial fluid
26
Synovial movement classification
Diarthrosis
27
Synovial; freely moveable?
Yes
28
Structure of synovial joint
- Articular surfaces are covered with a thin layer of hyaline cartilage (articular cartilage) - joint is encased in a joint (articular) capsule - synovial cavity - associated structures
29
What makes up the joint (articular) capsule?
- fibrous membrane/layer (capsular ligament | - synovial membrane
30
Fibrous membrane/layer (capsular ligament) definition
Thick, fibrous outer layer contiguous with periosteum of bones
31
Synovial membrane
Thin inner membrane covering all non-cartilaginous surfaces
32
What makes up the synovial membrane?
- fibrous layer | - cellular layer
33
Fibrous layer definition
Superficial (next to the fibrous membrane); collagen fibers and fibroblasts
34
Cellular layer def:
Deep (next to the synovial cavity); synoviocytes, blood vessels, and scattering of collagen fibers
35
cellular level is made up of:
- fibroblastic synovial (TypeB/fibroblast-like cells | - macrophage-like synovial (Type A) cells
36
Fibroblastic synovial (Type B/fibroblast-like) cells:
Next to the fibrous layer of the synovial membrane; produce hyaluronic acid component of synovial fluid
37
Macrophage-like synovial (Type A) cells:
Immediately next to synovial cavity; phagocytic
38
Synovial cavity (joint/articular cavity/space):
Interior of the joint filled with synovial fluid
39
Synovial fluid
Viscous, gel-like fluid composed primarily of hyaluronic acid and blood plasma
40
Fxns of synovial fluid
- lubrication - cushioning/protection - nourishment of articular cartilage
41
Associated structures of synovial joint:
- articular disk (meniscus) - bursa - other ligaments . . .
42
Articular disk (meniscus):
Fibrocartilage pad located between articular surfaces
43
Bursa:
Synovial membrane sac filled with synovial fluid (may be continuous with the synovial cavity
44
Other ligaments . . .
In addition to the fibrous membrane/layer of the joint capsule
45
Types of synovial joints
- ball-and-socket (spheroidal) - condyloid (ellipsoidal) - saddle - gliding - hinge - pivot
46
How do ball-and-socket (spheroidal) synovial joints work?
- Globular/spheroidal surface of one bone articulates with a cup-shaped surface of another bone - multiaxial
47
Condyloid (ellipsoidal) synovial joint
- convex oval-shaped surface of one bone articulates with a concave elliptical surface of another bone - biaxial
48
Saddle (sellar) synovial joint
- each articulating surface has both concave and convex regions; surface of one bone fits the complementary surface of another - biaxial
49
Gliding (arthrodial/planar/sliding) synovial joint
- articulating surfaces are nearly flat | - nonaxial
50
Hinge (ginglymoidal) synovial joint
- convex cylindrical surface of one bone articulates with concave cylindrical surface of another - uniaxial
51
Pivot (trochoidal) synovial joint
- cylindrical pin of one bone rotates within a ring formed f bone and ligament - uniaxial
52
Synovial joint movement classifications
- angular - circular - special movements
53
Angular synovial joint movement
Movements within a sagittal plane of the body
54
Angular movement examples
Flexion - leave anatomical position Extension - generally return back to anatomical position Hyperextension - extension beyond anatomical position Dorsiflexion & plantar flexion - only at the tall rural joint of the ankle region
55
Types of circular synovial joint movement
- rotation | - circumduction
56
Circular movement: rotation
Movement of bud part around its own long axis
57
Circular movement: circumduction
Movement in which the distal end of the segment moves in a circle while the proximal end remains relatively fixed
58
Synovial joint movements: special movements (& examples of each)
Inversion & eversion - movement of the sole of the foot medially or laterally Elevation and depression - movement of a body part upwards or downwards Protraction and retraction - movement of a body part fwd or backward, parallel to the horiozontal surface
59
Arthrology clinical considerations:
- dislocation - sprains - bursitis - arthritis
60
Dislocation def:
Displacement of a bone within a joint; partial (subluxation) or total (luxation)
61
Dislocation in children:
Rupture of n epiphyseal plate may occur instead of joint dislocation
62
What may rupture in children in a dislocation instead of joint dislocation?
Epiphyseal plate may rupture
63
Dislocation in elderly:
Bone fracture may occur instead of joint dislocation
64
Sprain def:
Over-stretching or tearing of ligamentous tissue
65
Strain def:
Muscle tissue damage
66
Bursitis
Inflammation of a bursa
67
What can cause bursitis?
- infection - trauma - continual irritation, d/t chronic motor fxn - chronic abuse of a joint - may need modification like ergonomic furniture, etc.
68
Arthritis - types
- rheumatoid arthritis (RA) | - osteoarthritis (OA)
69
What causes rheumatoid arthritis?
Autoimmune disease involving synovial joints
70
How is RA characterized?
Inflammation of the synovial membrane, resulting in production of abnormal secretions (fibrous & granular) and eventual joint fusion
71
Fibrous secretions
Can lead to joint fusion
72
Granular secretions:
Can lead to destruction of articular cartilage
73
``` Rheumatoid arthritis: Bilateral? Large joints? Joints it affects: Typical age of onset? Genetic or usage dependent? ```
Typically yes. No, small joints of hands and feet. Early age of onset (middle-aged) 40-60 Genetic in nature
74
Osteoarthritis
Progressive degeneration of joints through 'wear & tear'
75
What joints does OA typically affect?
Large weight-bearing joints, high-use joints, or joints previously involved in acute trauma
76
OA age of onset
Relatively late (60+)
77
What is OA often associated with (growing)
Development of accessory bone at periphery of joint surfaces

Manley-Buser - Phys I - Topic 3 & 4 - Arthrology & Skeletal System (3 decks)

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