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Manley-Buser - Phys I - Topic 3 & 4 - Arthrology & Skeletal System > Topic 4 - Arthrology > Flashcards

Topic 4 - Arthrology Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 “degree of movement” classifications

A

Synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

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2
Q

Synarthrosis

A

Immovable

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3
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

Slightly movable

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4
Q

Diarthrosis

A

Freely movable

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5
Q

Classifications of joints

A

Degree of movement & Structure

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6
Q

Subcategories of structure

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

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7
Q

Fibrous structure

A

Bones fastened together by thin layers of fibrous (dense) connective tissue

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8
Q

Classifications within fibrous structure

A

Syndesmosis, suture, gomphosis,

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9
Q

Syndesmosis

A

Bones joined by a fibrous band which forms an ‘interosseous ligament’ / membrane

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10
Q

Syndesmosis movement classification

A

Amphiarthrosis

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11
Q

Suture

A

Only between some bones of the skull

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12
Q

Bones are joined by a very __________ __________ _________ which forms a ‘sutural ligament’

A

Short fibrous band

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13
Q

Suture movement classification

A

Synarthrosis

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14
Q

Gomphosis

A

Articulations between tooth root and alveolus (bony socket); consists of a very short fibrous band which forms a ‘periodontal ligament’

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15
Q

Gomphosis movement classification

A

Synarthrosis

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16
Q

Cartilaginous structure of classification

A

Connection consists of hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

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17
Q

Types of cartilaginous classification

A

Synchondrosis & symphysis

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18
Q

Synchondorosis

A

Bones are united by a plate of hyaline cartilage

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19
Q

Is there both temporary and permanent synchondroses?

A

Yes

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20
Q

Synchrondosis movement classification

A

Synarthrosis

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21
Q

Examples of synchondrosis

A

1st rib & sternum (the rest are synovial)

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22
Q

Symphysis

A

Articular surfaces are covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage, which in turn is attached to a pad of fibrocartilage

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23
Q

Symphysis movement classification

A

Amphiarthrosis

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24
Q

Symphysis examples

A

Pubic symphysis, intervertebral disks

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25
Q

Synovial definition

A

Space between articulating bones filled with synovial fluid

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26
Q

Synovial movement classification

A

Diarthrosis

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27
Q

Synovial; freely moveable?

A

Yes

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28
Q

Structure of synovial joint

A
  • Articular surfaces are covered with a thin layer of hyaline cartilage (articular cartilage)
  • joint is encased in a joint (articular) capsule
  • synovial cavity
  • associated structures
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29
Q

What makes up the joint (articular) capsule?

A
  • fibrous membrane/layer (capsular ligament

- synovial membrane

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30
Q

Fibrous membrane/layer (capsular ligament) definition

A

Thick, fibrous outer layer contiguous with periosteum of bones

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31
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Thin inner membrane covering all non-cartilaginous surfaces

32
Q

What makes up the synovial membrane?

A
  • fibrous layer

- cellular layer

33
Q

Fibrous layer definition

A

Superficial (next to the fibrous membrane); collagen fibers and fibroblasts

34
Q

Cellular layer def:

A

Deep (next to the synovial cavity); synoviocytes, blood vessels, and scattering of collagen fibers

35
Q

cellular level is made up of:

A
  • fibroblastic synovial (TypeB/fibroblast-like cells

- macrophage-like synovial (Type A) cells

36
Q

Fibroblastic synovial (Type B/fibroblast-like) cells:

A

Next to the fibrous layer of the synovial membrane; produce hyaluronic acid component of synovial fluid

37
Q

Macrophage-like synovial (Type A) cells:

A

Immediately next to synovial cavity; phagocytic

38
Q

Synovial cavity (joint/articular cavity/space):

A

Interior of the joint filled with synovial fluid

39
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Viscous, gel-like fluid composed primarily of hyaluronic acid and blood plasma

40
Q

Fxns of synovial fluid

A
  • lubrication
  • cushioning/protection
  • nourishment of articular cartilage
41
Q

Associated structures of synovial joint:

A
  • articular disk (meniscus)
  • bursa
  • other ligaments . . .
42
Q

Articular disk (meniscus):

A

Fibrocartilage pad located between articular surfaces

43
Q

Bursa:

A

Synovial membrane sac filled with synovial fluid (may be continuous with the synovial cavity

44
Q

Other ligaments . . .

A

In addition to the fibrous membrane/layer of the joint capsule

45
Q

Types of synovial joints

A
  • ball-and-socket (spheroidal)
  • condyloid (ellipsoidal)
  • saddle
  • gliding
  • hinge
  • pivot
46
Q

How do ball-and-socket (spheroidal) synovial joints work?

A
  • Globular/spheroidal surface of one bone articulates with a cup-shaped surface of another bone
  • multiaxial
47
Q

Condyloid (ellipsoidal) synovial joint

A
  • convex oval-shaped surface of one bone articulates with a concave elliptical surface of another bone
  • biaxial
48
Q

Saddle (sellar) synovial joint

A
  • each articulating surface has both concave and convex regions; surface of one bone fits the complementary surface of another
  • biaxial
49
Q

Gliding (arthrodial/planar/sliding) synovial joint

A
  • articulating surfaces are nearly flat

- nonaxial

50
Q

Hinge (ginglymoidal) synovial joint

A
  • convex cylindrical surface of one bone articulates with concave cylindrical surface of another
  • uniaxial
51
Q

Pivot (trochoidal) synovial joint

A
  • cylindrical pin of one bone rotates within a ring formed f bone and ligament
  • uniaxial
52
Q

Synovial joint movement classifications

A
  • angular
  • circular
  • special movements
53
Q

Angular synovial joint movement

A

Movements within a sagittal plane of the body

54
Q

Angular movement examples

A

Flexion - leave anatomical position

Extension - generally return back to anatomical position

Hyperextension - extension beyond anatomical position

Dorsiflexion & plantar flexion - only at the tall rural joint of the ankle region

55
Q

Types of circular synovial joint movement

A
  • rotation

- circumduction

56
Q

Circular movement: rotation

A

Movement of bud part around its own long axis

57
Q

Circular movement: circumduction

A

Movement in which the distal end of the segment moves in a circle while the proximal end remains relatively fixed

58
Q

Synovial joint movements: special movements (& examples of each)

A

Inversion & eversion - movement of the sole of the foot medially or laterally

Elevation and depression - movement of a body part upwards or downwards

Protraction and retraction - movement of a body part fwd or backward, parallel to the horiozontal surface

59
Q

Arthrology clinical considerations:

A
  • dislocation
  • sprains
  • bursitis
  • arthritis
60
Q

Dislocation def:

A

Displacement of a bone within a joint; partial (subluxation) or total (luxation)

61
Q

Dislocation in children:

A

Rupture of n epiphyseal plate may occur instead of joint dislocation

62
Q

What may rupture in children in a dislocation instead of joint dislocation?

A

Epiphyseal plate may rupture

63
Q

Dislocation in elderly:

A

Bone fracture may occur instead of joint dislocation

64
Q

Sprain def:

A

Over-stretching or tearing of ligamentous tissue

65
Q

Strain def:

A

Muscle tissue damage

66
Q

Bursitis

A

Inflammation of a bursa

67
Q

What can cause bursitis?

A
  • infection
  • trauma
  • continual irritation, d/t chronic motor fxn
  • chronic abuse of a joint - may need modification like ergonomic furniture, etc.
68
Q

Arthritis - types

A
  • rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

- osteoarthritis (OA)

69
Q

What causes rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Autoimmune disease involving synovial joints

70
Q

How is RA characterized?

A

Inflammation of the synovial membrane, resulting in production of abnormal secretions (fibrous & granular) and eventual joint fusion

71
Q

Fibrous secretions

A

Can lead to joint fusion

72
Q

Granular secretions:

A

Can lead to destruction of articular cartilage

73
Q 
Rheumatoid arthritis:
Bilateral?
Large joints?
Joints it affects:
Typical age of onset?
Genetic or usage dependent?
A

Typically yes.
No, small joints of hands and feet.
Early age of onset (middle-aged) 40-60
Genetic in nature

74
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Progressive degeneration of joints through ‘wear & tear’

75
Q

What joints does OA typically affect?

A

Large weight-bearing joints, high-use joints, or joints previously involved in acute trauma

76
Q

OA age of onset

A

Relatively late (60+)

77
Q

What is OA often associated with (growing)

A

Development of accessory bone at periphery of joint surfaces

Manley-Buser - Phys I - Topic 3 & 4 - Arthrology & Skeletal System (3 decks)

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