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Manley-Buser - Phys I - Topic 3 & 4 - Arthrology & Skeletal System > Topic 3 - The Skeletal System (V-VI [end]) > Flashcards

Topic 3 - The Skeletal System (V-VI [end]) Flashcards

1
Q

Types of bone growth

A
  • intramembranous (dermal) bone

- endochondral (cartilaginous) bone

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2
Q

Intramembranous bone is also known as

A

Dermal bone

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3
Q

Bones at the top of the skull + clavicle are

A

Intramembranous (dermal) bone

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4
Q

Bones of the skull base + all postcranial bones, including parts of the clavicle

A

Endochondral (cartilaginous) bone

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5
Q

What is the ontogenetic process in endochondral bone?

A
  • cartilaginous model forms (composed of hyaline cartilage)

- ossification begins

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6
Q

What composes the cartilaginous model in the ontogenetic process i endochondral bone

A

Hyaline cartilage

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7
Q

Stages of ossification

A
  • internally, cartilage disintegrates and excavates interior of the bone
  • externally, periosteum forms
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8
Q

When ossification begins, what do the blood vessels do?

A

They invade, bringing undifferentiated mesenchymal cells

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9
Q

What do the mesenchymal cells differentiate into?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells, then osteoblasts, which start forming spongy bone

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10
Q

What happens externally when ossification begins?

A

The periosteum forms.

  • osteoprogenitor cells within the cellular layer of the periosteum mature into osteoblasts
  • osteoblasts start forming compact bone
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11
Q

Further growth takes place in 2 directions. What are they?

A
  • interstitial growth

- appositional growth

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12
Q

What is interstitial growth?

A

Growth between the diaphysis and epiphysis

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13
Q

What happens during interstitial growth?

A
  • blood vessels invade ends of bone as well, which become secondary centers of ossification (epiphyses)
  • epiphyseal plate
  • growth ceases when plate ossifies
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14
Q

The epiphyseal plate is what?

A

Zone of hyaline cartilage remaining between primary and secondary ossification centers, site of active growth

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15
Q

Appositional growth does what?

A

Increases in over-all size

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16
Q

How is new compact bone deposited in appositional growth>

A

By osteoblasts, just below the periosteum

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17
Q

In appositional growth, what do osteoclasts do?

A

Destroy bone tissue and enlarge the medullary cavity (if. Present) at the inner bone surface; remodel compact bone/spongy bone interface

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18
Q

Appositional growth ceases when?

A

When the plate ossifies

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19
Q

What are the 4 steps of the ontogenetic process in intramembranous bone?

A
  • membranous layer forms around the blood vessels
  • ossification begins
  • remaining growth takes place via mechanism similar to appositional growth of endochondral bone
  • process ends concurrently with endochondral growth
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20
Q

When ossification begins, where does it occur?

A

Internally and externally

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21
Q

During internal ossification, what happens?

A

Undifferentiated connective tissue cells around blood vessels differentiate into osteoprogenitor cells, then osteoblasts, which start forming spongy bone

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22
Q

During external ossification, what happens?

A

Periosteum forms; cells within the cellular layer differentiate into osteoprogenitor cells, then osteoblasts, which start forming compact bone below periosteum.

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23
Q

What is Wolff’s law?

A

bone remodels its shape according to the way force is transmitted through it

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24
Q

What are the clinical considerations with the skeletal system?

A
  • chemical disorders
  • trauma and injury: fracture
  • infectious disease
  • neoplasms
  • aging
25
Q

Subcategories of chemical disorders

A

nutritional and hormonal

26
Q

What are the forms of nutritional disorders?

A

Vit. C and Vit. D

27
Q

Why is Vit C important for the skeletal system?

A
  • necessary for proper collagen formation

- deficiency leads to scurvy

28
Q

Where is Vit. D synthesized?

A

within the skin or ingested as part of the diet

29
Q

What are the stages of vit. D synthesization?

Which one do we really need?

A
  • 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin (in the presence of ultraviolet radiation [UVR] becomes
  • cholecalciferol [vit. D3] goes to
  • liver to become 25-hydroxycholeclciferol, which goes to
  • kidneys to become 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
  • really need cholecalciferol (Vit. D3)
30
Q

What does Vit. D do for bone growth?

A

Facilitates proper bone mineralization by increasing absorption of calcium within the small intestine and reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys

31
Q

Deficiency of Vit. D leads to what in children?

To what in adults?

A
  • rickets (soft bones) d/t being less heavily mineralized

- osteomalacia (fatigued, joint aches, bone aches)

32
Q

What are the hormonal clinical considerations with the skeletal system?

A
  • parathyroid hormone (PTH)

- pituitary growth hormone (GH)

33
Q

What does PTH do?

A

Increases amount of calcium in blood by indirectly stimulating osteoclasts activity

34
Q

What happens when parathyroid hormone binds to receptors ion the osteoblasts?

A

The osteoblasts release osteoprotegerin ligand (OPGL)

35
Q

What happens when OPGL activates receptors o n the preosteoclast cells?

A

causes them to mature into osteoclasts

36
Q

What do the osteoclasts?

A

Start breaking down bone tissue

37
Q

Excess parathyroid hormone leads to what?

A

bone thinning

38
Q

Excess pituitary growth hormone (GH) leads to what in children?

Leads to what in adults?

A
  • gigantism

- acromegaly

39
Q

Deficit of pituitary growth hormone (GH) leads to what in children

A

Dwarfism

40
Q

What are the different types of fractures?

A
  • comminuted
  • compression
  • greenstick
41
Q

What are the stages of healing a fracture?

A
  • fracture hematoma formed from ruptured blood vessels
  • soft callus forms (mixture of spongy bone and fibrocartilage)
  • hard callus forms by mineralization and remodeling of soft callus
  • remodeling of hard callus to mature (compact and spongy) bone
42
Q

What are the infectious disease of bone?

A
  • osteitis
    • periostitis
    • osteomyelitis
  • tuberculosis
43
Q

What is osteitis?

A

Inflammation of bone tissue caused by injury or infection

44
Q

What is perriostitis?

A

Inflammation of periosteum caused by trauma or infection

45
Q

What is osteomyelitis?

A

Inflammation of bone interior caused by bacteria, usually initially entering the bone via wound or via bloodstream

46
Q

What does tuberculosis spread to?

A

The spongy bone (particularly of the vertebral bodies [Pott’s disease]), resulting in bone nad joint destruction.

47
Q

What are the 2 types of neoplasms (tumors) of bone?

A

Benign and malignant

48
Q

What are the 2 types of benign neoplasms?

A

Osteochondroma and osteoma

49
Q

What are the 2 types of malignant neoplasms?

A

Osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma) and multiple myeloma

50
Q

Which kind of neoplasms can kill you?

A

The malignant (osteogenic sarcoma and multiple myeloma)

51
Q

What happens to the skeletal system when one ages?

A
  • The repair/healing process is slowed

- osteoperosis

52
Q

What can osteoporosis result from?

A

Hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, prolonged vitamin C deficiency

53
Q

Who is osteoporosis most prevalent in?

A

Older women

54
Q

Why are women more prevalent with osteoporosis?

A
  • women have less bone mass than men

- women lose bone mass sooner and faster than men

55
Q

What kind of man would it be common to see osteoporosis in?

A

One being treated for prostate cancer

56
Q

What is bone density?

A

Mass / vol.

57
Q

When do women start losing bone mass?

A

After age 35

58
Q

When do men start losing bone mass?

A

In 60’s

Manley-Buser - Phys I - Topic 3 & 4 - Arthrology & Skeletal System (3 decks)

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