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Manley-Buser - Phys I - Topic 3 & 4 - Arthrology & Skeletal System > Topic 3 - The Skeletal System (I-IV) > Flashcards

Topic 3 - The Skeletal System (I-IV) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the skeletal system? (5 things)

A
  • Provides structure, support and protection
  • essential for locomotion and movement
  • site of blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
  • storehouse for some inorganic minerals, especially calcium
  • indicator of sex, age, height, weight, racial background, and (to some extent) medical history
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2
Q

How are bones classified?

A

by shape and location

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3
Q

What are the shape classifications of bones?

A
  • long bones
  • short bones
  • flat bones
  • irregular bones
  • pneumatic bones
  • sesamoid bones
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4
Q

Description of long bones

A

Longer than wide, cylindrical with a medullary cavity

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5
Q

What are long bones the main components of? (And examples of the bones themselves)

A
  • limbs

- humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges

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6
Q

Short bones description and examples

A
  • roughly cubical

- carpals and tarsals

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7
Q

Where are short bones found?

A

where mobility is needed, but space is limited

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8
Q

Description of flat bones

A

Relatively thin bones

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9
Q

Function of flat bones

Examples of the bones

A
  • provide broad surfaces for muscle attachment and/or protection of underlying organs
  • main site of blood cell formation in adults (hematopoiesis)
  • i.e.: frontal, parietal, innominate, ribs, scapula
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10
Q

Description of irregular bones

Examples of irregular bones

A
  • irregular shape with numerous projections

- vertebrae some bones of skull (sphenoid, ethmoid), scapula

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11
Q

What do pneumatic bones contain?

Pneumatic bone purpose?

Where are they found?

Examples of them:

A
  • sizable air spaces
  • reduce weight of the skull, thus reducing need for large neck muscles
  • only found in some bones of he skull
  • frontal, maxilla, sphenoid, ethmoid, temporal (mastoid process)
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12
Q

Whet are sesamoid bones?

A

small round bones embedded within a tendon

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13
Q

What is the purpose of sesamoid bones?

A

Alter the angle of muscle attachment to increase mechanical leverage

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14
Q

Examples of sesamoid bones

A

Patella and sesamoids of hands and feet

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15
Q

How are bones classified by location?

A
  • axial vs. appendicular skeleton

- cranial skeleton vs. post-cranial skeleton

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16
Q

Axial skeleton:

A

Bones of the skull, hyoid, vertebral column, and rib cage

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17
Q

Appendicular skeleton:

A

Bones of the limbs and their attachment onto the axial skeleton

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18
Q

Appendicular skeleton examples

A

Bones of the limbs and their attachment (Pectoral and pelvic girdles [excluding the sacrum])

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19
Q

Cranial skeleton

A

Bones of the skull

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20
Q

Post-cranial skeleton

A

Bones of vertebral column, hyoid, rib cage, limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle

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21
Q

Bone Tissue: subcategories

A
  • matrix
  • bone cells
  • abnormal growth of bone tissue
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22
Q

Bone tissue composition has:

A
  • matrix

- bone cells

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23
Q

Bone matrix contains:

A
  • fibers

- ground substance

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24
Q

Bone matrix fibers:

What do they do?

A
  • Type I collagen fibers;

- Provide strength to resist tensile forces (forces that are trying to tear them apart)

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25
Q

Ground substance of bone matrix:

A
  • organic component

- inorganic component

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26
Q

What is the organic component of the ground substance of bone matrix?

A

Proteoglycans (primarily composed of sulfate, keratin sulfate, nad hyaluronic acid) and glycoproteins (especially osteonectin and osteocalcin)

  • osteonectin: connects on to collagen fibers
  • osteocalcin: facilitates deposition of inorganic
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27
Q

What is the inorganic component of the ground substance of bone?

A

Hydroxyapatite, a calcium mineral composite, which provides strength to resist compressive forces

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28
Q

Bone cells consist of:

A
  • osteoprogenitor cells
  • osteoblasts
  • osteocytes
  • osteoclasts
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29
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells give rise to ___________

A

osteoblasts

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30
Q

Where are osteoprogenitor cells located?

A

located within the central and perforating canals of osteons, within the periosteum (cellular layer) and endosteum

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31
Q

Osteoblasts are originate from _____________.

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

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32
Q

Osteoblasts give rise to ______________

A

Osteocytes

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33
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

Lay down new bone tissue

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34
Q

Where are osteoblasts located

A

Within the central and perforating canals of osteons and within the periosteum (cellular layer) and endosteum

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35
Q

Osteocytes were formerly ______________.

A

Osteoblasts

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36
Q

Osteocytes are located ____________

A

Within the lacunae of the osteons of compact bone and bony struts of spongy bone

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37
Q

What do osteocytes do?

A

Maintain surrounding bone tissue and regulate mineral content.

38
Q

Osteoblasts function is what?

A

Bone-destroying cells (destroy bone tissue). They refine the shape of the bone that osteoblasts laid down.

39
Q

Describe osteoclasts

A

Large and multinucleated

40
Q

Where do osteoclasts originate?

A

From the fusion of several monocytes.

41
Q

What are the types of bone tissue?

A
  • primary bone tissue (woven bone)
  • secondary bone tissue (mature or lamellar bone)
  • abnormal growth of bone tissue
42
Q

Primary bone tissue is AKA

A

Woven bone

43
Q

When does primary bone develop?

A

First, during fetal development

44
Q

What is primary bone associated with?

A

The repair of fractures

45
Q

What kind of fibers are found in primary bone, and how are they arranged?

A
  • Collagen fibers

- randomly arranged

46
Q

In primary bone, is the mineral content high or low?

A

Low

47
Q

Primary bone contains more ________ than __________/___________ bone tissue

A

Osteocytes

Mature/secondary

48
Q

Secondary bone tissue is AKA

A

Mature or lamellar bone

49
Q

What types of bone are classified under Secondary bone tissue (mature or lamellar bone)?

A
  • compact (cortical) bone
  • spongy (cancellous or trabecular) bone
  • subchondral bone
50
Q

What is compact bone AKA?

A

Cortical bone

51
Q

What is compact (cortical) bone composed of?

A

Outer layer of densely packed bone tissue, composed of osteons (aka, Haversian systems), circumferential lamellae, and interstitial lamellae

52
Q

What are osteons made up of?

A
  • lamellae
  • central (osteons or Haversian) canal
  • lacunae
  • canaliculi
  • perforating (communicating or Volkmann’s) canals
  • circumferential lamellae
  • interstitial lamellae
53
Q

Lamellae are what?

What are the fibers made up of, and at what angle(s) are the fibers oriented to the adjacent layers?

A

Concentric layers of bone tissue.

Collagen

Right angles to the fibers in the adjacent layers

54
Q

What is the central canal AKA?

A

Osteonic or Haversian

55
Q

What does the central (osteonic or Haversian) canal contain?

What is it lined by?

A
  • vascular structures and nerves

- osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts

56
Q

What are lacunae?

What is contained in them?

A
  • Holes found between lamellae

- osteocytes

57
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

Passageways connecting lacunae to each other and to the central and perforating canals

58
Q

Perforating (communicating of Volkmann’s) canals do what?

A

Connect central canals to each other

59
Q

What are perforating canals lined by?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts

60
Q

Circumferential lamellae are?

A

Multiple layers of mineralized matrix

61
Q

What are the 2 kinds of circumferential lamellae?

A

External and inner circumferential lamellae

62
Q

Where are the external circumferential lamellae located?

A

Immediately deep to the periosteum

63
Q

Inner circumferential lamellae are located where?

A

At the perimeter of the medullary cavity

64
Q

What are interstitial lamellae?

A

Layers of mineralized matrix, lying between and around osteons; the remains of partially destroyed osteons

65
Q

Spongy (cancellous or trabecular) Ben is found where?

A

The interior of a bone

66
Q

Describe spongy bone

A

Lattice/network of bony bars and struts (trabeculae), each consisting of just a few concentric layers of bone tissue

67
Q

How many layers of concentric bone tissue are there in spongy bone?

A

A few

68
Q

Where is the site that blood cells are manufactured?

A

Within the lattice/network of bony bars and shuts within spongy bone

69
Q

What is subchondral bone?

A

Very thin layer of modified compact bone, lacking the extensive vascular channels

70
Q

Where is subchondral bone found?

A

Underlying articular cartilage, making up the articular/facet surface

71
Q

What is the morphology of a typical bone?

A
  • diaphysis
  • epiphysis
  • epiphyseal plate (epiphyseal disk, growth plate)
  • periosteum
  • endosteum
  • medullary cavity (marrow cavity)
  • articular cartilage
72
Q

What is the diaphysis of a bone?

A

body/shaft of the bone. Also the primary center of ossification

73
Q

Epiphysis is often associated with what?

A

the area of articulation with another bone or site of excessive muscle tension

74
Q

Where is the secondary center of ossification?

A

The epiphysis

75
Q

Where is the primary site of ossification?

A

The diaphysis

76
Q

What does the epiphyseal plate (epiphyseal disk, growth plate) do?

A

Connects diaphysis and epiphysis

77
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate composed of?

A

Hyaline cartilage

78
Q

The periosteum is what?

A

Fibrous structure covering the outer bone surface.

79
Q

Where is periosteum not found?

A

Articular bone surfaces and where tendons and ligaments attach onto the bone

80
Q

What are the 2 layers of periosteum?

A
  • Fibrous layer

- Cellular layer

81
Q

How are tendons and ligaments anchored to the periosteum?

A

Via perforating/Sharpey’s fibers

82
Q

Which layer of periosteum is deep?

A

The cellular level

83
Q

Which layer of periosteum is superficial?

A

Fibrous layer

84
Q

The fibrous layer of periosteum consists of what?

A

sheet of dense irregular connective tissue containing type I collagen fibers, plus fibroblasts, blood vessels and nerve fibers (stressed for pathology)

85
Q

The cellular layer of periosteum is _______ and contains bone ________ (primarily _________ ________ and ________.

A

Thin
Cells
Osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoblasts

86
Q

What is endosteum?

A

A very thin connective tissue layer covering inner bone surfaces

87
Q

Endosteum primarily consists of what?

A

A single layer of osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts

88
Q

Where is the medullary cavity (marrow cavity) located?

A

The center of a long bone

89
Q

What is the fxn of the medullary cavity in children? In adults?

A
  • additional site of blood cell manufacture (‘red bone marrow’)
  • adipose storage (‘yellow bone marrow’)
90
Q

Where is articular cartilage found?

What is it composed of?

A
  • covering articular surfaces

- hyaline cartilage

Manley-Buser - Phys I - Topic 3 & 4 - Arthrology & Skeletal System (3 decks)

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