Topic 4

Question 1

What do we mean by the ‘under class’?

Answer 1

Does reliant on the state for help and benefits; unskilled or earning the minimum wage. Many people felt alienated from society as they were in poor housing and had few prospects to better themselves.

Question 2

What did Alexander Fleming notice in 1928?

Answer 2

A mould (penicillin) had grown on one of his Petri dishes. Also noticed that the STAPHYLOCOCCI bacteria around it was killed.

Question 3

Why couldn’t Fleming take his penicillin findings further?

Answer 3

In 1929 he couldn’t raise enough funds to develop the drug after he published his results.

Question 4

How was penicillin developed?

Answer 4

1937 - Howard Florey and Ernst Chain began to research it after reading. 1940 - experimented on mice.

Question 5

What happened when FLOREY and CHAIN experimented penicillin on humans in 1941?

Answer 5

Experimented on an infected policeman - he died after 5 days when stock ran out which proved it was effective.

Question 6

What was ‘The Age of Pills’?

Answer 6

When companies realised that there was a huge amount of money to be made by developing drugs for medical use. This led to some companies taking shortcuts and not testing their drugs thoroughly.

Question 7

Give an example of a pill that wasn’t tested properly.

Answer 7

1950’s THALIDOMIDE was sold as a sleeping pill which was safe for pregnant women. Caused deformities in babies discovered in 1962. Led to a tougher testing and approval process for new drugs.

Question 8

Give 2 examples of ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE:

Answer 8

Sometimes called HOSTILIC medicine.1) Hydro therapy = with water.2) Aromatherapy = with scents.Based on old traditional treatments such as using herbs and natural things that work IN HARMONY with the body.

Question 9

One supporter of HOMEOPATHY:

Answer 9

Prince Charles, 2006 said we have to “maintain natural balance and harmony with our minds, body and natural world”.

Question 10

One critic of HOMEOPATHY:

Answer 10

The British Medical Assosciation called it “witchcraft”.

Question 11

Why might the BMA have called homeopathy witchcraft?

Answer 11

Because the natural treatments have no scientific proof.

Question 12

What impact did the FIRST WORLD war have on surgery?Refer to CCS.

Answer 12

From 1915 = Casualty Clearing Stations were set up near the Front. Categorised injuries and sent them to the appropriate place.

Question 13

What impact did the FIRST WORD war have on surgery?Refer to SHELL-SHOCK.

Answer 13

1914-1918 most men had it. Phsychologist, William Rivers, came up with “the talking cure” which helped many come to terms with their experiences. Combined with healthy sports and activities.

Question 14

What impact did the FIRST WORLD war have on surgery? Refer to SKIN GRAFTS.

Answer 14

1917 Harold Gillies persuaded the army to set up a special hospital for facial repairs. Over 5,000 servicemen treated. His techniques enabled him to reconstruct damaged faces. Known as the PIONEER or PLASTIC SURGERY.

Question 15

X Ray Technology.What did Wilhelm Roentegan do?

Answer 15

1895 = Discovered it, allowed doctors to see inside patients.

Question 16

X Ray Technology.What did Geroge Eastmen do?

Answer 16

1918 = Introduced X Ray Film.

Question 17

What was Radiotherapy?

Answer 17

A tool for targeting cancerous cells and it avoided the need for surgery.

Question 18

What are CT scans?

Answer 18

Allows surgeons to see tissue as well as a bone in 3 dimensional images. A recent survey found this is the most essential tool in a surgeon’s armoury for fighting illness.

Question 19

When did Blood Transfusions come out?

Answer 19

1901 as Karl Landsteiner discovered blood groups. 1915 = first blood bank.1921 = British Red Cross set up voluntary blood donor scheme.

Question 20

Give 3 things that were introduced for preventative measures:

Answer 20

1) Mepacrine = anti malaria tablets.2) Gas masks against chemical warfare.3) Deep shelters against bombing.

Question 21

Who was Sir Archibald Moore?

Answer 21

He improved upon Gillies’s work for skin grafts and his work included treating pilots shot down in battle.

Question 22

When did the first kidney transplant take place?

Answer 22

1952.

Question 23

When did the first heart pacemaker transplant take place?

Answer 23

1961.

Question 24

When did the first heart transplant take place?

Answer 24

1967.

Question 25

When were hip replacements introduced?

Answer 25

1972.

Question 26

How did KEYHOLE SURGERY make surgery safer?

Answer 26

It is done through a very small cut in the body = reduces the risks of operating on someone.

Question 27

How did LASER SURGERY make surgery safer?

Answer 27

It takes only a fraction of the time operations took = less invasive damage and quicker healing time.

Question 28

How has technology aided diagnosis?

Answer 28

CAT SCANS/Endoscopes allow surgeons to see inside the body without cutting people on.1953 = discovery of DNA enhanced the medical understanding of how the body works.

Question 29

Who was CHARLES BOOTH and what did he do?

Answer 29

Book “Life and Labour of the people” in 1889.Found that 35% of people in London were living in abject poverty.

Question 30

Who was SEEBOHM ROWNTREE and what did he do?

Answer 30

York 1901 Book “Poverty. A study in town life.” Found that nearly half of the working class people lived in poverty.1913 Maud Pember Reeves “Round about a pound a week” found people in employment were living on £1 a week.

Question 31

Give 3 examples of Liberal Government Reforms:

Answer 31

• 1906 workers compensation act- 1908 illegal to sell tobacco, alcohol or fireworks to children.-1911 National insurance act.

Question 32

Who was WILLIAM BEVERIDGE and what did he do?

Answer 32

1942 = published BEVERIDGE report which set out changes for when the war was done,1945 = Labour prime minister created a true welfare state.

Question 33

When did the NHS start?

Answer 33

4th July 1948. It was the first time doctors, dentists, pharmacists etc were all brought together into the same organisation to give free services.

Question 34

Why did some people oppose to the NHS?

Answer 34

Because they couldn’t treat whoever they liked. The conservative party said it discouraged voluntary efforts.

Question 35

Why did the NHS stop being free?

Answer 35

1950/1952 the NHS was under a lot of pressure on price = they began charging a shilling for a prescription and dental £1.

Question 36

What was the London “killer smog” caused by?

Answer 36

1952 - the air pollution and fumes were trapped over the city from the 5th December to the 9th. 12,000 died.

Question 37

What did the KILLER SMOG result in?

Answer 37

1958/1968 Clean Air Acts. Encouraged houses to change from coal fires to the cleaner gas and electricity.

Question 38

Give an example of a new town that was built. Why was it built?

Answer 38

TELFORD. An attempt to move people out of the dirty overcrowded city into a “greener” setting.

Question 39

What was the ‘slum clearance’?

Answer 39

1960’s = Massive expansion of council built housing. Unfit houses were demolished and replaced.

Question 40

Healthcare in the 21st Century.What do scientists say are the biggest killers?

Answer 40

We are reducing our life expectancy by drinking too much, not enough exercise and eating wrong foods. Cancer and heart diseases could strike at any times which dementia is an old person disease.

Question 41

What are the government doing to try and encourage healthy lifestyles in the 21st century?

Answer 41

Putting more and more effort into health education, they say we should restrict our sugar intake to avoid diabetes, heart attack and stroke.

Question 42

What is “The Medical Research Council Innovation Fund”?

Answer 42

It is a fund to help scientists develop new drugs and products.

Question 43

Give 2 examples of things scientists are currently working on:

Answer 43

1) A dressing for burns that detects infection and allows early treatment,2) A home test kit to help patients decide if they have lung disease.It is important that new products are very carefully tested and approved before use.