Topic 3

Question 1

What was the industrial revolution?

Answer 1

A time of great changes - the population grew rapidly by and by 1871 there were more people living in towns rather than the countryside. Source of wealth also increased.

Question 2

Name the three men that played a role in GERM THEORY? (In order)

Answer 2

1) LOUIS PASTEUR2) ROBERT KOCH3) PAUL EHRLICH

Question 3

GERM THEORY1) Explain Louis Pasteur’s role in this.

Answer 3

Louis was the first person to establish the link between James and disease. He wanted to discover microorganisms so that the vaccine could be made against them. In 1880 he made a vaccine against rabies.

Question 4

GERM THEORY2) Explain Robert Koch’s role in this.

Answer 4

He took Louis Pasteur’s work further and was able to link particular hers to to particular diseases. 1882 - Bacillus caused tuberculosis.1883/4 - found the germs responsible for cholera. Also got causes of diseases for typhoid, plague & tetanus.

Question 5

GERM THEORY3) Explain Paul Ehrlich’s role in this. (Koch’s student)

Answer 5

He made SALVARSAN 606 in 1910. First effective treatment for SYPHILIS = STD. He called them magic bullets as they were designed to kill germs without causing harm to the body.

Question 6

There was an increasing use of scientific tools within medicine. Give 3 examples.

Answer 6

1) 1816 = Sethescope for listening to breathing ailments.2) 1850 onwards = thermometers.3) 1895 X Ray machine.

Question 7

What impact did new ideas have on the treatment of disease in Britain?Mention - Robert Koch & Joseph Lister.

Answer 7

Robert found bacillus caused diphtheria in 1891. Successful serum 1894.Joseph used the serum in 1895 and death rates dropped. 1880 onwards = death rates from traditional killer diseases began to fall.

Question 8

What was infant mortality?

Answer 8

Babies died before their first birthday. 1899 - 142 per thousand died.

Question 9

What was infant mortality said to be caused by? (3)

Answer 9

1) lack of fresh food meaning that it was hard to fight off illness.2) children were neglected.3) parents couldn’t afford doctors.

Question 10

What changed involving hospitals?

Answer 10

New hospitals were built, some by public subscriptions and some by large employers. By 1860 there were 36 specialist hospitals in London.

Question 11

What did Florence Nightingale do? (4)

Answer 11

Cleaned up hospital wards and cut mortality rates from 40% to 2%. Book “Notes on Nursing” to make nursing a respectable career.Made Britain’s first nurse training school at ST THOMAS HOSPITAL.1863 - Book ‘Notes on hospitals’ principles for clean safe hospitals.

Question 12

What did MRS BEETON’s book say?

Answer 12

“Book of Household Management” 1861 said every household should have opium powers to treat minor injuries etc.

Question 13

Give 2 examples of improvement in everyday medical treatments and remedies:

Answer 13

1) ASPIRIN went on sale in 1899 as everyday pain killer.2) Machines invented to make tablets and gelatine capsules.

Question 14

What triggered a revolution in surgery?

Answer 14

In 1828 Bransby Blake Cooper operated to remove a bladder stone which was meant to take 6mins but he took an hour. The next day the patient died. He was only hired cause he was related to the employers.

Question 15

What happened after Bransby Blake Cooper caused a patient to die?

Answer 15

The GENERAL MEDICAL COUNCIL in 1858 wanted to regulate profession by making rules.

Question 16

Who was ELIZABETH GARRET ANDERSON?

Answer 16

She was the first woman doctor in 1865 after she passed an examination with the ‘Society of Apothecaries’ with the highest marks.

Question 17

What did Elizabeth G Anderson set up in 1872?

Answer 17

1872 “New Hospital for Women and Children” with staff of all women.

Question 18

How did Elizabeth help women be more involved in the medical profession?

Answer 18

She set up a London School of Medicine for women in 1874 and by 1911 495 women were in it.

Question 19

How did Sir Humphrey Davy trigger the development of anaesthetics?

Answer 19

He was the first to use nitrogen oxide “laughing gas” and found it relieved pain but it was difficult to control the dose.

Question 20

How did Robert Liston trigger the development of anaesthetics?

Answer 20

1846 = he successfully amputated a leg using ether as an anaesthetic. The only problem was the patient sometimes woke in the operation.

Question 21

How did James Simpson trigger the development of anaesthetics?

Answer 21

1847 = he used chloroform to reduce the pain of childbirth and in 1853 Queen Elizabeth used it.

Question 22

How was cocaine used in the medical world?

Answer 22

In the 1850’s , it was used as an anaesthetic and in 1891 it could be produced chemically.

Question 23

Why didn’t anaesthetics make surgery any safer?

Answer 23

It was difficult to get the right dose and there was still no control over infections.

Question 24

Why is Joseph Lister considered ‘the father of antiseptic surgery’?

Answer 24

He used an operating room sterilised with carbolic acid as well as his surgical instruments and wounds.

Question 25

How did Joseph Lister’s carbolic acid idea impact the medicine world?

Answer 25

He reduced mortality rates from 46% to 15% in 3 years.1871 - invented a machine that sprayed carbolic acid over the room, surgeons and everything!

Question 26

What did Robert Koch discover in 1878?

Answer 26

That most diseases were spread by an infected surface and direct contact rather than air.

Question 27

What did Charles Chamberland invent in 1881?

Answer 27

A steam steriliser for medical instruments so that bacteria can’t spread.

Question 28

What did Gustav Neuber do in the area of ASEPTIC surgery?

Answer 28

He has the first sterile operating theatre. Published his results on the important of thorough scrubbing of staff and cleaning in 1886.

Question 29

Why did Gustav Neuber always use metal for the tools ?

Answer 29

Because it was easier to sterilise.

Question 30

What was the impact of anaesthetics?

Answer 30

Allowed surgeons to carry out careful surgery without the need for speed.

Question 31

What was the impact of antiseptics?

Answer 31

Reduces the risk of infection during and after surgery.

Question 32

Why did some people oppose to the use of anaesthetics and antiseptics?

Answer 32

Some were jealous & some were worried by the use of carbolic acid.

Question 33

What were the living conditions like in industrial towns?

Answer 33

Often a family lived in one room or in the cellar liable to flooding. Many children shared a bed and toilets and water pumps were shared by many families.

Question 34

What disease was common to chimney boys?

Answer 34

Scrotal cancer.

Question 35

What disease was common to young girls who worked at matchmaking factories?

Answer 35

‘Phoney Jaw’ the jaw would be eaten away.

Question 36

What disease was common to coalminers?

Answer 36

Pneumoconiosis - lung disease.

Question 37

What kind of diseases existed in industrial towns?

Answer 37

1) 1861 Prince Albert died from typhoid.2) 57% kids died before 5.3) 1907 50% kids had tickets (between 6months and 3yrs)

Question 38

Individual to help bring about changes. Refer to William Farr. Why did this help change?

Answer 38

He was the driving force behind compulsory registration of births deaths and marriages in 1837.He realises the power of numbers as well as the need for accurate information.

Question 39

Individuals who help to bring about changes. Refer to Edwin Chadwick.

Answer 39

1842 “Report on the sanitary conditions of the labouring population”. He established the link between poor are living and life expectancy and disease. 1844 set up ‘clean party’ to take action against living conditions.

Question 40

Why did Bernardo set up the “Ragged School”?

Answer 40

He came to London in 1866 to train as a doctor but was appalled by the poverty in the East End. So he set up the school where hungry children were given cheap breakfast to help them learn better.

Question 41

Why was the lack of food regulations a problem? (2)

Answer 41

1) Dairies watered down milk with chalk powder to make it white.2) Adam Hart Davis book “What the Victorians did for us” showed an employer made chocolate by mixing brown paint and melted candle wax.

Question 42

What was the dirty party? Why did it exist?

Answer 42

It was the MP’s and others that opposed to any action such as the clean party. They opposed because of monumental costs. Wealthier people wanted to keep their tax low so they favoured this.

Question 43

Individual to help to bring about change. Refer to Southwood Smith. Why did this help change?

Answer 43

1824 appointed physician to the London fever hospital which allowed him to study diseases caused by poverty. This helped change because he published examples and data to support Edwin Chadwick.

Question 44

What did Dr Barnardo use in the ragged school to help boys find work?

Answer 44

“Wood Chopping Bridge”.

Question 45

What did Dr Barnardo use in his ragged school to support girls?

Answer 45

“Factory girls club and institute”.

Question 46

What was Dr Barnardos aim when he set up the ragged school?

Answer 46

To give them a better life than they would’ve had as poor children in London.

Question 47

What did the 1834 Poor Law Amendment act do?

Answer 47

Set up workhouses. If you wanted help you would go in the house to get it.

Question 48

Why did the poor people hate the workhouses?

Answer 48

Called them “Bastilles” after French prison. Commissioners were set up to run the system and to ensure life inside a workhouse was worse than outside to act as a deterrent.

Question 49

Why did the Government pass the 1848 Public Health Act?

Answer 49

The cholera epidemic of 1848 forced the government to act. Also, the groups and the GREAT STINK encouraged them.

Question 50

What did the 1848 Public Health Act do?

Answer 50

Allowed local councils to improve conditions in their own town if they wished (if they were prepared to pay). Could force towns with a high death rate to take action over water supply and sewage. Appoint a medical officer of health.

Question 51

How was the 1875 Public Health Act better than the 1848 one?

Answer 51

Local councils were forced to provide clean water and appoint Medical officers of Health and Sanitary Inspectors.

Question 52

When was food and drugs regulated?

Answer 52

In the 1875 Food and Drugs act.

Question 53

How did the big government clean up impact the people?

Answer 53

In 1868 there was 716 deaths from typhus in London. In 1885 there was 28. In 1900 there was none.

Question 54

Give 2 examples of new acts that brought improvements:

Answer 54

1) 1858 London built new sewers.2) 1875 Housing Act allowed councils to knock down bad housing and replace it.

Question 55

‘THE GREAT STINK’ of London 1858 was so bad that the MPs waned to move parliament out of London. What caused it?

Answer 55

Exceptionally dry weather combined with waste and sewage - no rain to wash it so it built up and stank.

Question 56

Why did the Great Stink worry people?

Answer 56

Because at the time ‘miasma’ (bad smells caused disease) theory was believed.

Question 57

JOHN SNOW AND THE DISCOVERY OF THE CAUSES OF CHOLERA.What did he publish?

Answer 57

In 1849 he published a book about the fact that cholera spread through dirty water rather than air.

Question 58

JOHN SNOW AND THE DISCOVERY OF THE CAUSES OF CHOLERA.What did he observe?

Answer 58

First 10 days , over 700 died. In 1854 he carefully mapped location of each death - they all had water from a pump in Broad Street.

Question 59

JOHN SNOW AND THE CAUSES OF CHOLERA.What were his findings?

Answer 59

A cess pit had been leaking water into the water supply. He used careful scientific method to find the cause of cholera (long before germ theory).