Topic 4 - 1st Industrial Revolution & Social Implications Flashcards
Describe the Norfolk system
Jetrhro Tull
- Replaced 3-field with 4-field system of crop rotation
- Added production of turnips & clover to feed animals (cows, sheep) during winter
- Enclosed land for cultivation only & private owenship
- Jethro Tulls plough
What initiated the IR
New farming techniques
The English timber famine
Describe the English timber famine
Ship building, smelting of iron ore depleted whole forests
Many processes depended on wood as fuel in form of charcoal
Initiated incentive to conserve wood
Invention using charred coal instead of charcoal (charred wood) in blast furnace
Invention of “puddling process” for converting cast iron to wrought iron using coal thus increasing productivity
No need to use wood & world entered Iron Age
What’s the diff btwn charcoal and coke
Charcoal = charred wood Coke = charred coal (from mines)
Who invented the use of coke (charred coal)
Abraham Darby in 1709
Who invented “puddling” process
Henry Cort
Process for converting pig/cast iron to wrought iron
Describing the puddling process
Stirring the melt thus increasing productivity
Describe Patents
First paten in England (1624)
Originally lasted 21 years
Can make paten off original idea if it’s being significantly altered
Before patents only way of protecting idea is being secretive
Key industry of the IR
Coal Mining
Coal Mining problems & solutions
Problem: production bottle neck when ground water folded mines
Solution: Fire engines. Devices that would employ suck water out of mine (Newcomen)
Who invented 1st version of the steam engine
Newcomen & John Cawley
How did Newcomen and Cawley invent the 1st version of steam engine
Found method of condensing steam into cylinder & created partial vacuum so atmospheric pressure would drive the piston.
Strictly trial & error (owed nothing to science)
Who invented second version of steam engine?
2 English craftsmen
John Smeaton & James Watt
Improved Newcomen steam engine by condensing steam in separate vessel kept cold outside of cylinder leaving the cylinder hot throughout the cycle. Saved allot of coal use.
What was the problem of the Necomen engine?
It used way too much coal…
Benefits of the John Watt steam engine
Could be used anywhere … Promoting expansion of manufacturing in Urban Areas
