Topic 4 Flashcards
What is the Male Gaze according to Mulvey (1975)?
The idea that men look at women as sexual objects in media, reinforcing patriarchal views.
What did Wolf argue about beauty standards?
Women are expected to conform to male conceptions of beauty, reinforcing sexism.
What is Tuchman et al.’s (1978) concept of symbolic annihilation?
Women are underrepresented, trivialized, or condemned in media representations.
What did Cumberbatch et al. (2014) find about women on TV?
Older women are significantly underrepresented compared to men.
What is Ferguson’s concept of the “Cult of Femininity”?
Teen magazines socialize girls into traditional feminine roles.
How did McRobbie describe changing representations of women in media?
Women are now portrayed as more ambitious and assertive.
What did Gill (2008) argue about sexual empowerment in media?
Women are shown as sexually powerful, but radical feminists argue this still serves male desires.
According to Knight (2010), how does media still reinforce femininity?
Even strong female portrayals often conform to conventional beauty standards.
What is Connell’s concept of hegemonic masculinity?
The dominant form of masculinity that promotes male superiority and toughness.
What three roles did Gilmore (1991) associate with men?
Provider, Protector, and Impregnator.
What did Gauntlett (2008) say about changing masculinity in media?
Media now offer a broader range of male identities beyond traditional norms.
What six male stereotypes did Children Now (1999) identify?
Joker, Jock, Silent Type, Big Shot, Action Hero, Buffoon.
According to Batchelor, how is heterosexuality represented in media?
Heterosexuality is the norm, while homosexuality is shown as exceptional or unusual.
What did Gross (1991) argue about LGBTQ+ representation in media?
LGBTQ+ individuals are excluded, trivialized, or condemned in mainstream media.
What did Cowan & Valentine (2005) find about LGBTQ+ portrayals on BBC?
Gay people were 5x more likely to be shown negatively than positively.
What did Gill argue about the representation of homosexuality in media?
It is often “sanitized” to fit heterosexual norms.
According to Cumberbatch et al. (2014), how often are disabled people shown on TV?
They make up only 2.5% of representations in popular TV shows.
What did Sancho (2003) find about disability representation in media?
The wheelchair is often used as a symbolic “icon” of disability.
What did Philo et al. (2010) find about mental illness in media?
63% of references to mental illness in media are negative, reinforcing stigma
