Topic 4 Flashcards
adaptation
changes organisms undergo to become more suited to their environment
anatomical adptn
changes to physical features of an organism to help it cope with factors in its environment
behavioural adptn
the ways in which an organism acts differently to cope with factors in its environment
physiological adptn
internal body changes that an organism undergoes to cope with factors in its environment
allele
alternative/ different
form/ version/ varation
of a gene
biodiversity
measure of the variety of life in an area
classification
a way of organising the variety of life based on relationships between organisms using differences and similarities in phenotypes and genotypes
evolution
the change in a populations INHERITED characteristics over MANY GENERATIONS
heterozygosity index
a measure of the proportion of a population which is heterozygotic /
measure of diversity within a species/ population
H=
number of heterozygotes/ number of individuals in population
niche
position occupied by an organism in its ecosystem
species
organisms that are able to breed together to produce fertile offspring
species richness
number of different species in a habitat
natural selection geo iso speciation
geo iso / change
selection pressures act differently in diff areas
different allele frequencies within populations
evolution leading to formation of new species
decr pop due to iso
endangerment due to only one pop of partic species
vulnerable to inbreeding depression
natural disaster/disease/ predation/ other natural pressures
may become extinct
measuring biodiversity
counting species-> no of individuals per species
diversity index
genetic diversity of populations/ species
rare species
species richness
hardy weinberg eq
used to estimate frequency of alleles in a population
also can monitor changes in allele frequency
HW full equation
p + q= 1
q^2 + 2pq + p^2 = 1
conditions of HW eq
no mutations
random mating
large population
isolated population
no selection pressure
molecular phylogeny
analysis of molecular differences in different organisms to determine the extent of their evolutionary relationship
cellulose monomer
beta glucose
how are these monomers are held together in a
cellulose molecule?
glycosidic bonds
unbranched chain
calcium pectate
in matrix microfibrils are embedded in
middle lamella
structure of cellulose molecule
polymer of beta glucose
1,4 glycosidic bonds
every other monomer inverted
6 carbon atoms in monomer
no additional side chains
starch structure
polysaccharide of alpha glucose
1,4 glycosidic links
unbranched and branched chains/ amylose and amylopectin
branches joined to chains by 1,6 glycosidic links
glycogen features
1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
branched
endangered species
species threatened with extinction
conservation of endangered species
keep in natural habitat- provide support system there- national/ marine park
capture species and keep in captivity - zoos/ botanic garden
conservation
protection and management of species for future generations
seed bank
facility conserving plant diversity by drying and storing seeds in a temp controlled env
adv of seed bank
cost effective to store seeds
space efficient
less labour intensive
seeds can be stored anywhere
less vulnerable to disease/ natural disaster/ vandalism
disad of seed bank
testing seeds for viability is exp and time consuming
too expensive to store all types of seeds and test all for viability
challenging to collect seeds from plants growing in remote habitats
adv of zoo
very helpful for research
animals can be easily studied/ observed compared to being done in wild
educate public ab conservation/ endangered species
disad zoos
may reduce genetic diversity
some animals wont breed in captivity
animals may have v specific needs (habitat) which zoos cannot provide
animals will have diff behaviours in captivity vs wild
- studies may not be accurate
reintroduction to wild adv
prevent extinction in wild
organisms may rely on plants/animals for food
restores degraded habitats
reintroduction disadv
may carry new diseases
animals lack ability to find food/communicate/ escape being hunted
