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Biology paper 1 > Topic 4 > Flashcards

Topic 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Give 3 differences between prokaryotic DNA and eukaryotic DNA

A

prokaryotic DNA
Shorter
Circular
Not associated with proteins

Eukaryotic DNA
Longer
Linear
Associated with histones

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2
Q

Which 2 organelles contain prokaryotic DNA

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

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3
Q

What is a gene

A

A base sequence of DNA that codes for amino acid sequence of a polypeptide or functional RNA

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4
Q

What is a locus

A

The fixed position of a gene on a chromosome

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5
Q

What are 3 features of genetic code

A

Degenerate - multiple codons can code for the same amino acid during photosynthesis

Universal - the same triplet of based codes for the same amino acid in all organisms

Non- overlapping - each base in a gene is only part of one triplet therefore each codon is read as discrete unit

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6
Q

What are introns

A

Sections of DNA that do not code for polypeptides

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7
Q

Where are introns found

A

In eukaryotic DNA not in prokaryotic

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8
Q

What are exons

A

Sequenced of DNA that DO code FOR AMINO ACIDS

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9
Q

What is a codon

A

Three bases on mRNA that code for a specific amino acid

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10
Q

What is a start codon

A

Three babes that start of every green that initiates translation

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11
Q

What is a stop codon

A

3 bases at the end of every gene that causes ribosomes to detach and therefore stop translation

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12
Q

What is a genome

A

An organisms complete set of genes in a cell

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13
Q

What is a proteome

A

The full range of proteins that a cell is able to produce

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14
Q

Give the properties of mRNA
(4)

A

short single stranded
Found in the cytoplasm and nucleus

Made during transcription complementary to DNA sequence

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15
Q

Give some properties of tRNA

A

Is clover shaped
Single stranded
Each tRNA molecule has three based called an anticodon these are complementary to codons on the mRNA molecule

tRNA is involved in translation as it carries amino acids used to make proteins to the ribosomes

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16
Q

What is transcription

A

Where one gene on the DNA is copied into mRNA

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17
Q

What is translation

A

Where the mRNA joined with a ribosome and corresponding tRNA brings the specific amino acid the codon codes for

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18
Q

Why is mRNA used for transcription

A

MRNA is much shorter than DNA And so is able to carry genetic code to ribosome in the cytoplasm

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19
Q

Give the 5 steps for transcription

A
  1. DNA helix unwinds to expose bases to act as template
  2. Only one chain of DNA acts as template
  3. This is catalysed by DNA helicase which breaks down the hydrogen bonds between bases
  4. Free mRNA nucleotides align with exposed complementary bases
  5. Enzyme RNA polymerase joins them together this RNA is then modified and leaves nucleus though nuclear envelope pores
20
Q

In eukaryotes what is made after transcription and how

A

Pre mRNA made from mRNA that still contains introns so introns need it be spliced out by a protein caked a spliceosome

21
Q

In 6 steps explain the process of translation

A
  1. Once modified mRNA left nucleus attached to a ribosome in the cytoplasm
  2. Ribosome attached at the start codon
  3. tRNA with the complementary anti codon to start codon aligns
  4. Ribosome will move along one corn on the mRNA molecule to enable another complementary tRNA to attach to the next codon on mRNA
  5. 2 amino acids that have been delivered by the tRNA molecule joined with a peptide bond catalysed by an enzyme and requires ATP
  6. This continues until ribosome reaches stop codon this stop codon does not code for an amino acid and so ribosome detached and translation ends
22
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A change in the base sequence of DNA

23
Q

What are mutagenic agents give 2 examples

A

Interfere with DNA replication icy as UV light, ionising radiation and chemicals and carcinogens such as cigarette smoke

24
Q

What are the 2 forms of gene mutation

A

Deletion or substitution

25
Q

What is a chromosome mutation

A

Changes in the number of chromosomes

26
Q

What is non-disjunction

A

When chromosomes do no split equally during anaphase

27
Q

What are the 2 forms of chromosome mutation

A
  1. Changes in whole set of chromosomes polyploidy
  2. Changes in the number of individual chromosomes
    (Aneuploidy)
28
Q

What does meiosis produce

A

4 haploid daughter cells that are genetically different

29
Q

What happens in meiosis I

A

Homologous pairs of chromosomes line up opposite each other at the equator

It is random which side of the equator paternal and maternal chromosomes from each homologous pair lie

Pairs are separated so one of each homologous pair end up in daughter cell so a large number of possible combinations are possible

30
Q

What is crossing over

A

In meiosis I when the homologous pairs are lined up the chromatids can become twisted around each other this puts tension on the chromatids causing then to break and recombine with other chromatids

31
Q

What is the point of crossing over called on a chromatid

A

Chiazmata

32
Q

Give 3 differences between meiosis and mitosis

A

Mitosis
One nuclear division
Creates diploid cells ( 2 sets of chromosomes)
Creates genetically identical cells

Meiosis
2 nuclear divisions
Creates haploid cells (1 set of chromosomes)
Introduces genetic variation

33
Q

What was genetic diversity

A

The number of different alleles of genes in a population

34
Q

What’s natural selection

A

Process that leads to evolution

35
Q

What is evolution

A

Champagne in allele frequency over many generations in a population

36
Q

In 4 stages explain how natural selection occurs

A
  1. New alleles for a gene are created by random mutations
  2. If the new allele increases the chances of the individual to survive in that environment so they will survive and reproduce
  3. This reproduction passes on the advantageous allele to the next generation
  4. As a result over many generations the new allele will increase its frequency in the population
37
Q

What are the 3 types of selection

A

Directional selection
Stabilising selection
Disruptive selection

38
Q

What is directional selection

A

Where one extreme has the selective advantage

39
Q

What is stabilising selection

A

The middle trait has the selective advantage e.g birth weight it’s safer to be a middle weight that to be a small abby or large baby

40
Q

What is disruptive selection

A

Where both extremes are advantageous

41
Q

What is courtship behaviour

A

A sequence of captions unique to species how animals identify their own species to reproduce

42
Q

What is the acronym for the hierarchy for biodiversity

A

D - do Domain
K - koalas Kingdom
P - prefer Phylum
c - chocolate class
O - or Order
F - fruit Family
G - generally Genus
S - speaking Species

43
Q

What is the bionomial system

A

Each species universally identified using 2 names first is the genus and second is the species

44
Q

What is species diversity

A

The number of different species and individuals within a community

45
Q

What is genetic diversity

A

The variety of genes amongst individuals in a population do one species

46
Q

What is species richness

A

The number of different species in a community

Biology paper 1 (4 decks)

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