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Biology paper 1 > Topic 3 Mass Transport > Flashcards

Topic 3 Mass Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

What does it mean if an organisms has a lager surface area to volume ratio

A

There is a big surface to exchange substances and smaller distance for them to travel so they can exchange substances a across their surface easily

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2
Q

What does a small SA:V mean

A

Larger organisms who have a smaller surface area compared to volume and so have a larger distance from the middle to the outside and so will have to have adaptations that allow exchange across surface

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3
Q

What are some adaptations to increase the SA:V
(5)

A

Villi & microvilli- absorption of digested food

Alveoli & bronchioles - has exchange

Spiritless and tracheoles - insects has exchange

Gill filaments and lamellae - fish gas exchange

Thin wide leaves - plants has exchange

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4
Q

What is respiration

A

Chemical reaction to release energy in the form of ATP

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5
Q

What is ventilation

A

Scientific word for breathing

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6
Q

What is gaseous exchange

A

Diffusion of oxygen from the air in alveoli into the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood into air in the alveoli

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7
Q

What does antagonistic mean

A

As one muscle relaxes the other contracts

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8
Q

What are the external intercostal muscles

A

Contract rib cage out and lead to respiration inhalation

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9
Q

What are the internal intercostal muscles

A

Contraction means that the rib cage moves back leading to exhalation

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10
Q

What happened during inhalation
(6)

A
  1. External intercostal muscles contract pulling ribs out
  2. Internal intercostal muscles are relaxed
  3. Diaphragm contracts to move down to make space for air
  4. Air pressure in lungs initially drops as air moves in but rises above atmospheric pressure
  5. Lung volume increases
  6. Air moves air moves into lungs as atmospheric pressure is higher than that of the thorax
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11
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation

A

Total volume of air that is moved into the lungs during one minute (dm3min-1)

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12
Q

What is the equation for pulmonary ventilation

A

Pulmonary ventilation = tidal volume x ventilation rate

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13
Q

What are alveoli

A

Tiny air sacks which create a large surface area for gas exchange

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14
Q

What is a property of the alveolar epithelium

A

Very thin to minimise diffusion distance and surrounded by network of capillaries to remove exchanged gases maintaining a concentration gradient

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15
Q

Give some properties of terrestrial insects

A

Have exoskeleton made of hard material for protection

Lipid layer to prevent water loss

Insects don’t have lungs they have tracheal System

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16
Q

What are the 3 parts of the insect tracheal system and what do they do

A

Spiracles - round valve like opening along length of abdomen allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to enter and leave

Trachea network of internal tubes have rings to strengthen the tubes

Tracheoles which branch off of trachea these extent throughout all tissue to deliver oxygen to respiring cells

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17
Q

What are the 3 methods of moving gas in the tracheal system (insects)

A
  1. Diffusion use up O2 create Co2 creating concentration gradient from tracheoles to atmosphere
  2. Mass transport insects contract and relax abdomen to move gases on mass
  3. When in flight muscle cells respire anaerobically to produce lactate lowering water potential so water moves from tracheoles into cells by osmosis decreasing volume in tracheoles so air is pulled in
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18
Q

Give 3 adaptations of insects for efficient diffusion

A
  1. Large number of tracheoles which have a large SA
  2. Walls of tracheoles are thin and shot distance for diffusion
  3. Use of oxygen and production of CO2 sets up steep diffusion gradient
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19
Q

H give 3 ways in which insects can prevent water loss

A
  1. Small SA:V so less space for water to evaporate from
  2. Insects have waterproof exoskeleton
  3. Spiricles can open and close to reduce water loss
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20
Q

Why do fish need a special adaptation for gas exchange

A

They’re waterproof and have a small SA:V they exchange gas along their gills

Obtain water from oxygen but there is 30 times less oxygen in water

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21
Q

Explain the anatomy of gills for a fish

A

4 layers of gills on both sides of the head

Gills are made up of fill filaments

Each filament is covered in full lamellae creating a large surface area

When fish open mouth water rushes in and over gills and then out through hole in side of their head

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22
Q

How do gills create a short diffusion distance

A

Network of capillaries in every lamellae bad very thin gill lamellae

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23
Q

What is the countercurrent flow exchange

A

When water flows over the gills in the opposite direction to the flow of blood in capillaries so equilibrium is never reached

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24
Q

Explain the internal structure of a leaf

A

Palisade mesophyll - where photosynthesis occurs

Spongy mesophyll - lots of air spaces

Stomata - where gas diffuses in and out

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25
Q

How does the stomata function

A

Stomata is open in the day and oxygen can diffuse out and co2 in to reduce water loss stomata closes at night when no photosynthesis will occur

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26
Q

What are xerophytic plants

A

Plants adapted to survive in environments with limited water

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27
Q

Give 3 adaptations of xerophytic plants to reduce water-loss

A
  1. Sunken stomata to trap moisture
  2. Curled leaves to trap moisture
  3. Hairs to trap moisture
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28
Q

How are carbohydrates digested

A

Requires 2 enzymes to hydrolyse them into monosaccharides: amylases and membrane bound disaccharides

Amylase hydrolyses polysaccharides into the disaccharide maltose by hydrolysing the glycosidic bonds

Sucrose and lactase are membrane bound enzymes that hydrolyse sucrose and lactose into monosaccharides

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29
Q

Where is amylase produced

A

Pancreas and salivary glands

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30
Q

How are proteins digested

A

Hydrolysed by 3 enzymes

Endopeptidases - hydrolyse peptide bonds between amino acids in the middle of a polymer chain

Exipeptidases - hydrolyse peptide bonds at end of chain

Membrane bound dipeptidases - hydrolyse peptide bonds between 2 amino acids

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31
Q

How are lipids digested

A

By lipase and the action of bile salts

Lipids hydrolysed ester bond in triglycerides to form monoglycerides and fatty acids

Bile salts emulsify lipids to form micelles (tiny droplets) increasing surface area for lipase to act on

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32
Q

Where is lipase produced

A

Pancreas

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33
Q

Where are bile salts produced

A

Liver

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34
Q

What are the 2 stages of digesting lipids

A

Physical - emulsification

Chemical - lipase

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35
Q

In mammals where does absorption take place after digestion

A

Ileum

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36
Q

How is the ileum adapted for absorption

A

Covered in villi increase SA thin walls for short diffusion pathway and surrounded by capillaries to maintain a concentration gradient

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37
Q

What is the role of haemoglobin

A

Transport oxygen around the body

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38
Q

What is the other type of haemoglobin found in vertebrae

A

Myoglobin

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39
Q

Where is oxygen loaded?

A

High partial pressure of oxygen such as the alveoli

40
Q

Where is oxygen unloaded?

A

In areas of low partial pressure such as respiring tissues as the need more oxygen for chemical processes

41
Q

What is the Bohr effect

A

When a high co2 concentration causes oxyhaemaglobin curve to shift to the right as the affinity for oxygen decreases as co2 changes the shape of haemoglobin slightly

42
Q

What happens if there is a low partial pressure of co2 in alveoli

A

Curve shifts left as there is increased affinity for oxygen so unloads more

43
Q

Give 3 examples of animals who have different types of haemoglobin with different affinities for oxygen

A

Foetus - myoglobin higher affinity for oxygen

Lamas - high altitudes so huger affinity for oxygen

Worms - underground there is low partial pressure of ixygen so they require a higher affinity

44
Q

What does a closed circulatory system mean

A

The blood remains within the blood vessels

45
Q

What does double circulatory system mean

A

The blood passes through heart twice in each circuit one circuit delivers to lungs while another delivers to the rest of the body

46
Q

What are the prefixes for blood vessels in the kidney

A

Renal

47
Q

What is the prefix for blood vessels for the lungs

A

Pulmonary

48
Q

Which way to arteries carry blood

A

AWAY from the heart

49
Q

Which way do veins carry blood

A

IN to the heart

50
Q

Give 2 unique properties if cardiac muscle

A

Myogenic - can contract without stimulation

Never fatigues

51
Q

Describe how a heart attack would occur

A

Cardiac muscle is supplied with oxygenated blood these branch off sorts of this becomes blocked the cardiac muscle won’t receive oxygen and won’t be able to respire and so cells will die

52
Q

Where are the 2 atria located

A

At the top do the heart

53
Q

Where are the 2 ventricles located

A

At the bottom of the heart

54
Q

What is the acronym for oxygenated blood

A

L - left
O - oxygenated
R - right
D deoxygenated

55
Q

Give the properties of the atria chamber

A

Thinner muscular walls don’t need to contact as hard as they don’t have to pump blood far

Elastic walls to stretch when blood enters

56
Q

Give the properties of ventricles

A

Thicker muscular walls to enable bigger contraction

Creates higher blood pressure to enable blood to flow longer distances

57
Q

What is the role of the right ventricle

A

Pumps blood to lungs needs to be at a lower pressure to prevent damage to capillaries

So has thinner and more muscular walls compared to left ventricle

58
Q

What is the role of the left ventricle

A

Pumps blood to rest of body

Thicker muscular wall as needs larger contractions

59
Q

What is the role of the vena cava

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from body into right atrium

60
Q

What is the role of the pulmonary vein

A

Carries oxygenated blood from lungs to the left atrium

61
Q

What is the role of the pulmonary artery

A

To carry deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle to words the lungs

62
Q

What is the role of the aorta

A

Carries oxygenated blood from left ventricle to rest of body

63
Q

Where are semi-lunar valves located

A

In aorta and pulmonary artery

64
Q

Where are atrioventricular valves found

A

Between atria and ventricles

65
Q

What is the function of valves

A

To prevent the back flow of blood

66
Q

How do valves function

A

Only open when the pressure is higher behind the valve
Close when pressure is high in front

67
Q

What is the function of the septum

A

Se peered deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood

Maintains concentration gradient

68
Q

What are arterioles

A

Smaller than arteries and connects to capillaries

69
Q

Give the properties of arteries
(4)

A
  1. Thicker muscle layer than veins so that constriction and dilation can occur
  2. Thicker elastic layer than veins helps maintain blood pressure
  3. Thicker walls than veins helps prevent bursting
  4. No valves
70
Q

Give the properties of veins
(4)

A
  1. Thin muscle layer so can’t control blood flow
  2. Thin elastic layer as lower pressure
  3. Thin walls as there is little risk of bursts
  4. Has valves
71
Q

Give the properties of arterioles
(4)

A
  1. Thicker muscle than arteries help restrict blood flow in capillaries
  2. Thinner elastic layer than arteries
  3. Thinner walls
  4. No valves
72
Q

Give 4 properties of capillaries

A
  1. No muscle layer
  2. No elastic layer
  3. One cell thick providing short diffusion distance
  4. No valves
73
Q

What are the 3 stages of the cardiac cycle

A

Diastole

Atrial systole

Ventricular systole

74
Q

What happens in distole

A

Atria and ventricular muscles relaxed

Blood enters via atria by the vena cava and pulmonary vein

Blood flowing into atria increases pressure

75
Q

What happens in atrial systole

A

Atria muscle contract increased pressure caused atrioventricular valves open blood flows into ventricles

Ventricular walls are relaxed

76
Q

What happened in ventricular systole

A

AFTER A SHORT DELAY

Ventricular walls contract increase pressure causes atrioventricular valves to close and semi lunar valves to open blood is pushed out of ventricles into arteries

77
Q

What is the cardiac output

A

The volume of blood which leaves one ventricle in one minute

78
Q

What is the equation for the cardiac output

A

Cardiac output = heart stroke x stoke volume

Stroke volume is the volume of blood that leaves the heart each beat

79
Q

What is tissue fluid

A

Fluid containing water, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, ions and oxygen which bathed the tissue

80
Q

How is tissue fluid formed

A

Capillaries have small gals so that liquid and small molecules can be forced out as blood enters capillaries the small diameter results in high hydrostatic pressure so everyhring that forms tissue fluid is forced out this is called ultrafiltration

81
Q

What remains in the capillary after ultrafiltration

A

Red blood cells, platelets and large proteins

82
Q

What happen last to the liquid not re absorbed into the capillary

A

Absorbed into the lymphatic system which drains into the blood near the heart

83
Q

What is transpiration

A

The loss of water vapour from the stomata by evaporation

84
Q

What 4 factors affect the rate of transportation

A
  1. Light - positive correlation more light causes stomata to open so larger surface area for evaporation
  2. Temperature- positive correlation more heat more kinetic energy more evaporation
  3. Humidity - negative correlation more water Vapour in the air makes the water potential more positive outside of leaf therefore reducing the water potential gradient
  4. Wind - positive correlation more wind blows away humid air maintains water potential gradient
85
Q

What is the cohesion tension theory

A

Water is a diplomat molecule (o2 is slightly negative hydrogen is positive)

Enables hydrogen bonds to from between different water molecules

Creates cohesion between water molecules as they stick together therefore water travels up xylem as a continuous column

86
Q

What is adhesion in terms of water

A

Water sticks to other molecules and adheres to xylem walls

87
Q

What is root pressure and how is it created

A

Water moves into roots by osmosis and increases volume of liquid so pressure increase

88
Q

In 5 steps explain how water moves up the xylem

A
  1. Water vapour evaporated out of stomata loss in water creates a lower pressure
  2. Water lost by transpiration more water pulled up xylem to replace it
  3. Due to hydrogen bonds between water molecules they are cohesive and create a column of Ayer within the xylem
  4. Water sticks to the walls of the xylem helping it pull up
  5. As water is pulled up xylem created tension pulling in to become narrower
89
Q

What are the 2 cells in the phloem and give some properties of each

A

Sieve tube elements
Living cells
No nucleus
Contains few organelles

Companion cells
Provide ATP required
Active transport for organic substances

90
Q

How does sucrose transport from the source to the sieve tube element

A
  1. Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts creates organic substance (sucrose)
  2. This creates high conc of sucrose at site if production so ducrise moves down its conc gradient by facilitated diffusion
  3. Active transport of hydrogen ions occurs from companion cell
  4. This creates a concentration gradient so hydrogen ions have to move down their conc gradient by Carrier proteins
  5. Co transport of sucrose with h+ ions occur via protein co transporters to transport sucrose into sieve tube element
91
Q

How does sucrose move within the phloem
(3)

A
  1. Increase of sucrose in sieve tube element lowers water potential
  2. Water enters sieve tube via surrounding xylem via osmosis
  3. Increase in water volume in sieve tube increases hydrostatic pressure causing liquid to be forced to word the sink (root)
92
Q

How does sucrose transport to the sink
(4)

A
  1. Sucrose used in respiration at sink or stored as insolvable starch
  2. More sucrose is actively translated into sink cell which causes water potential to decrease
  3. Results in osmosis from sieve tube element into sink cell
  4. Removal of water decreases volume in sieve tube and so hydrostatic pressure decreases
93
Q

What are the 2 tests for investigating translocation

A

Tracers & ringing

94
Q

What is the tracers experiment

A

Radioactively labelling carbon and plants provided with only this co2 over time this is used in photosynthesis

Thin silk iced from stems are then cut and placed on x ray film that turns black when exposed it radioactive material

So section with sugars would turn black showing the sugars transported in the phloem

95
Q

What is the ringing experiment

A

Ring of barn and phloem peeled and removed from tree

By removing phloem trunk swells above removed section analysis of liquid in this swelling showed that it contains sugar

So it shows that if phloem is removed the sugar cannot be transported

Biology paper 1 (4 decks)

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