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Biology paper 1 > Topic 1 Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Topic 1 Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a monomer?

A

Smaller units which create large molecules

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2
Q

What is a polymer?

A

Made of lots of monomers bonded together

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3
Q

Give 3 examples of monomers

A

Glucose, Amino acid & nucleotide

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4
Q

Give the 3 polymers glucose can create

A

Starch, Cellulose & glycogen

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5
Q

What polymer does amino acids make

A

Protein

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6
Q

What polymer do nucleotides make

A

DNA & RNA

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7
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

Joining 2 molecules together creating a chemical bond and removing water

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8
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

Breaks a chemical bond between 2 molecules and involves use of water

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9
Q

What elements does a carbohydrate contain?

A

Carbon, hydrogen & oxygen

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10
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

One sugar unit

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11
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Two sugar units

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12
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

Many sugar units joined together

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13
Q

Give 3 examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose, fructose & galactose

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14
Q

Give 3 examples of disaccharides

A

Sucrose, maltose & lactose

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15
Q

Give 3 examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch, cellulose & glycogen

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16
Q

What is the chemical formula for alpha glucose?

A

C6H12O6

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17
Q

What is an isomer?

A

Same molecular formula but different structure

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18
Q

Give the acronym for defining alpha and beta glucose

A

A - alpha
B - below
B - beta
A - above
When referring to the hydroxyl group (OH)

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19
Q

How is a disaccharide made?

A

Made by 2 monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond and formed by condensation reaction

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20
Q

Give the word equation for the creation of maltose

A

Glucose + glucose —> maltose + water

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21
Q

Give the word equation for lactose

A

Glucose + galactose —> lactose + water

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22
Q

Give the word equation for sucrose

A

Glucose + fructose —> sucrose + water

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23
Q

Where is starch found and what is it’s function?

A

Found in plants
Function is to store glucose

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24
Q

Where is cellulose found and what is it’s function?

A

Found in plants
Function is to provide structural strength

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25
Q

Where is glycogen found and what is it’s function?

A

Found in animals
Function is to store glucose

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26
Q

Which 2 polysaccharides are formed Fromm the alpha isomer of glucose?

A

Starch and glycogen

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27
Q

Which polysaccharide is formed from the beta isomer of glucose?

A

Cellulose

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28
Q

What are the bonds between monomers in starch?

A

1-4 glycosidic bonds in amylose
1-4 & 1-6 in amylopectin

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29
Q

What are the bonds between monomers in cellulose?

A

1-4 glycosidic bonds

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30
Q

What are the bonds between monomers in glycogen?

A

1-4 & 1-6 glycosidic bonds

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31
Q

What does a 1-4 glycosidic bond form?

A

A polysaccharide in a straight line

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32
Q

What do 1-6 glycosidic bonds form

A

Branched polysaccharides

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33
Q

What is the structure of amylose

A

An unbranched helix

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34
Q

What is the structure of amylopectin

A

A branched molecule

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35
Q

What is the structure of cellulose?

A

Long straight chains held in parallel lines by hydrogen bonds to form fibrils

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36
Q

What is the structure of glycogen?

A

A highly branched molecule

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37
Q

Name one common feature of polysaccharides

A

They are all large insolvable molecules meaning they won’t affect water potential and won’t be affected by osmosis

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38
Q

Explain how the structure of amylose leads to it’s function

A

Helix can compact to fit a lot of glucose in a small space

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39
Q

Explain how the structure of amylopectin leads to the function

A

Branched structure increases surface area for rapid hydrolysis back to glucose

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40
Q

Explain how the structure of cellulose leads to it’s function

A

Many hydrogen bonds provide strength

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41
Q

Explain how the structure of glycogen leads to it’s function

A

Beach bed structure increases surface area for rapid hydrolysis back to glucose

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42
Q

What is the difference between amylopectin and glycogen?

A

Glycogen contains more 1-6 glycosidic bonds so is even more highly branched

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43
Q

Give the structure of a triglyceride?

A

A glycerol molecule with 3 fatty acid chains

44
Q

Give the structure of a phospholipid

A

Glycerol molecule with 2 fatty acid chains and a phosphate group attached to glycerol molecule

45
Q

How are triglycerides formed?

A

Via condensation reaction between one molecule of glycerol and 3 molecules of fatty acid

46
Q

How many condensation reaction must occur to create a triglyceride

A

3

47
Q

What is the bond formed by a triglyceride and how many are formed when creating one triglyceride molecule

A

An ester bond 3 are formed

48
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A

The hydrocarbon chain only has SINGLE bonds between carbons

49
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

Contains at least one DOUBLE BOND between carbons

50
Q

What is the function of a triglyceride

A

Energy storage

51
Q

Why is triglyceride used for energy storage?
(4)

A

Large ratio of energy storing carbon- hydrogen bonds

Large ratio of hydrogen - oxygen atoms act as a metabolic water source (can release water if oxidised)

Triglycerides do NOT affect water potential and osmosis as they are large & hydrophobic making them insoluble

Lipids have a low mass so can be sorted without increasing mass without increasing mass

52
Q

How many condensation reactions would be needed to create a phospholipid

A

2

53
Q

What are the 2 properties of phospholipids

A
  1. Hydrophilic head due to negative charge in phosphate group this means it attracts water and repels fat as it is charged

2.the fatty acid chain ‘tail’ is hydrophobic so will repel water and mix with fats

54
Q

Give the structure of an amino group

A

Nitrogen with 2 hydrogen atoms

55
Q

Give the basic chemical structure for a protein

A

One amine group ( a nitrogen and 2 hydrogens)

An R group (variable group 20 options)
Attached to one carbon

A carboxylate group (carbon with a double bonded oxygen and a single bonded OH

56
Q

Give the basic structure of an amino acid

A

A central carbon atom with an R group attached (variable group with 20 options) and a hydrogen attached

An amine group which contains one nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms

A carboxyl group which is a carbon double bonded to an oxygen atom and then a single bonded OH

57
Q

How are dipeptides formed?

A

2 amino acids joined by a condensation reaction so water is removed and forms a peptide bond

58
Q

How are polypeptides formed?

A

Multiple amino acids joined together and multiple condensation reactions joined by peptide bonds

59
Q

What are the 4 structure levels for proteins

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary

60
Q

What is the primary structure of proteins? And when is it made?

A

Made straight after translation in protein sysnthesis

The order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain this is a polymer

61
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

The sequence of amino acids causes part of molecule to bend into alpha helix shape of fold into a beta pleated sheet many hydrogen bonds hold structure

62
Q

What is the tertiary structure of proteins? What bonds are present

A

Further folding of the 2nd structure to form a unique 3D shape

Bonds present are iconic, hydrogen and disulphide bridges

63
Q

What is the quaternary Structure?

A

Same bonds as tertiary (iconic, hydrogen and disulphide bonds) but it is made up of more than 1 polypeptide chain

64
Q

What structure level are enzymes

A

Tertiary

65
Q

What is the role of enzymes?

A

Lower activation energy if the reactions they catalyse

66
Q

Why can each enzyme only catalyse one specific reaction?

A

The active site is a specific unique shape due to folding and bonding in the tertiary structure

67
Q

What is the induced fit model? And how does it help lower the activation energy?

A

When the active site is slight induced (changes) to mould around the substrate

when the enzyme substrate comped occurs because of this moulding it puts a strain on the bonds lowering the activation energy

68
Q

What is the activation energy?

A

The amount of energy required for a reaction to occur

69
Q

What are the 5 factors affecting enzymes?

A
  1. Temperature
  2. PH
  3. Substrate concentration
  4. Enzyme concentration
  5. Inhibitors
70
Q

How does temperature affect enzyme activity?

A

If temp too low not enough kinetic energy for successful collisions between enzyme and substrate

If the temp too high enzyme will denature and a cube site will change shape

71
Q

How does PH affect enzyme activity?

A

Too high or too low PH will interfere with the charges in the amino acids active site so will break bonds holding tertiary structure causing active site to change shape

Enzyme will denature

72
Q

How do both substrate and enzyme concentrations affect enzyme activity?

A

If there is not enough substrates the reaction will be slower as there will be fewer collisions

If there is not enough enzymes the active sites will become saturated with the substrate and unable to work any faster

73
Q

What is a competitive inhibitor?
(3)

A

Same shape as the substrate
Binds to active site
Prevents enzyme substrate complex

74
Q

What are non competitive inhibitors?
(3)

A

Bind to the allosteric site
Caused the active site to change shapes
No enzyme substrate complex

75
Q

What is the allosteric site

A

Part of the enzyme that is away from the active site

76
Q

What is the test for starch?
(2)

A

Add Iodine

Positive result solution turns orange - blue/black

77
Q

What is the test for REDUCING sugars
(3)

A
  1. Add Benedict’s reagent
  2. Heat
  3. Positive test turns from blue to green to yellow or orange or brick red

The more red the higher the conc of reducing sugar

78
Q

What is the test for NON-REDUCING sugar?
(5)

A
  1. Following a negative Benedict’s test where the reagent is still blue
  2. Add acid and boil
  3. Cool solution and add an alkali to neutralise
  4. Add Benedict’s reagent and heat
  5. Positive test solution turns from blue to brick red
79
Q

What is the test for proteins?
(2)

A

Add biuret
Positive test turns from blue to purple

80
Q

What is the test for lipids?
(3)

A
  1. Dissolve sample in ethanol and shake
  2. Add distilled water
  3. A positive test = a white emulsion forms
81
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

82
Q

What does DNA code for?

A

Codes for a sequence of amino acids in the primary structure of a protein which then determines the 3D structure and function of a protein

83
Q

Why is DNA essential?

A

Cells contain a copy of this genetic code that can be passed on to new cells without being damaged

84
Q

Give the structure of a monomer of DNA

A

Made up of deoxyribose (Penrose sugar) a nitrogenous vase and a phosphate group

85
Q

What are the 4 possible options for the nitrogenous base for a nucleotide?

A

Guanine, Cytosine, adenine or thymine

86
Q

How is the polynucleotide made?

A

Created by condensation reactions between deoxyribose sugar and the phosphate group

87
Q

What bonds are formed when creating a polynucleotide?

A

Phosphodiester bonds

88
Q

What bonds connect the 2 polymer chains in a polynucleotide

A

Hydrogen bonds are between the bases and creates a double helix

89
Q

Give the structure of RNA

A

Constrains a Penrose sugar (ribose) nitrogenous base of adenine, uracil , guanine and cytosine and a phosphate group

90
Q

Give 2 structural differences between RNA & DNA

A

RNA is a shorter polynucleotide

RNA is single stranded

91
Q

What is the function of RNA

A

Transfer genetic code from DNA into nucleus to the ribosomes. rRNA Is combined with proteins to create ribosomes

92
Q

What is the process of DNA replication?

A

Semi conservative replication

93
Q

Give the steps of semi conservative replication
(4)

A
  1. The enzyme DNA helix add breaks down the hydrogen bonds between the complementary base pairs this causes the DNAs double helix to unwind
  2. Each of these strands will act as a template stands and free floating DNA nucleotides within the nucleus are attracted to their complementary base pair on the template strand
  3. The nucleotides are joined together to form a phosphodiester bond by a condensation reaction DNA polymerase catalysed this reaction
  4. The 2 sets of daughter DNA contains one strand of parental DNA and one newly synthesised strand
94
Q

Give the name of the scientists to provide evidence for semi conservative replication

A

Watson and crick discovered the structure of DNA which was helped by Rosalind Franklins research on x ray diffraction

Meselson & Stahl conducted experiment proving DNA replication was semi conservative

95
Q

Give the structure for ATP

A

A Penrose sugar (ribose)
The nitrogenous base (adenine)
3 phosphate groups

96
Q

What does ATP stand for

A

Adenosine triphosphate

97
Q

What is ATP

A

An immediate source of energy for biological processes

98
Q

When is ATP made and what is the word equation

A

ATP made during respiration
ADP + Pi
Made by condensation reaction using the enzyme ATP Synthase

99
Q

How does ATP release energy?

A

When hydrolysed into ADP + Pi using enzyme ATO hydrolase this releases a small amount of energy

100
Q

How can ATP transfer energy to other compounds?

A

The inorganic phosphate release by hydrolysis of ATP can be bonded onto different compounds to make them more reactive this is called phosphorylation

101
Q

What are the 5 key properties of water

A
  1. Water is a metabolite (involved in chemical reactions)
  2. Water is a solvent
  3. Water has a high heat capacity takes a lot of energy to raise the temp
  4. Has a large latent heat of vaporisation provides a cooling effect with loss of water through evaporation
  5. Water has strong cohesion between molecules this supports water columns and provides surface tension
102
Q

What is the role of hydrogen ions?

A

Lower the PH of solutions and impact enzyme function

103
Q

What is the role of Iron ions

A

A component of haemoglobin in the transport of oxygen

104
Q

What is the role of sodium ions

A

Involved in co-transport of glucose and amino acids in absorption OR in role in generating action potentials

105
Q

What is the role of phosphate ions

A

A component of DNA and ATP

Biology paper 1 (4 decks)

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