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biology > Topic 3A- exchange and transport systems > Flashcards

Topic 3A- exchange and transport systems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the bigger the organism the…

A

smaller the SA:V ratio

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2
Q

volume of a sphere

A

4/3XpiXr*3

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3
Q

how do substances get in and out of a single-cell

A

diffusion, over the small distance of a cell surface memebrane

meaning it is quick

reletivley large surface area compared to volume

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4
Q

how do multicellular organisms move substances

A

specialised exchange organs

e.g. lungs

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5
Q

what is mass transport

A

efficient systems to carry substaces to and fromtheir individual

in mammals, this is usually refered to the circulatory system

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6
Q

2 points- distance and surface area

why can multi-cellular organisms not use diffusion alone

A

1-cells deep within the body means that there is a big distance between them and the the outside environment
2-large animals have a low SA:V ratio, difficult for enough substances to be exhanged that will meet the large volume of a relitivley small surface area

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7
Q

mass transport in plants

A

transportation of water and solutes in the xylem and phloem

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8
Q

how does body size influence heat exchange

A

having a large volume means there is a big distance for the heat to travel

small organisms need a higher metabolic rate to generate enough heat

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9
Q

how does body shape influence heat exchange

A

a smaller surface area means less heat loss

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10
Q

foxes

adaptations for heat loss:

A

arctic fox-small ears and round fave reduce surface area
african fox- large ears and pointed nose maximising surface area

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11
Q

ficks law

what features increase the rate of diffusion

A

large surface area, short diffusion pathway and concerntration gradient

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12
Q

why is water needed in plants

A
  • solvent-allow gases to dissolve
  • hydrolysis reactions
  • photosynthesis
  • make the cell turgid(rigid)
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13
Q

pores on the epidermis layer of a plant

A

stomata

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14
Q

what controls the opening and closing of stomata

A

guard cells

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15
Q

why is the mesophyll layer surrounded by water

A

so the co2 can dissolve

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16
Q

why is the mesophyll layer known as ‘spongy’

A

space within it so co2 can diffuse much quicker to the cells

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17
Q

what does a vacuole do

A

pushes to organelle’s to the side meaning the chloroplasts are compacted to the side

meaning more of chance for light to it them for photosynthesis

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18
Q

where does photosynthesis take place

A

chloroplasts

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19
Q

why are plant cells in a pallisade shape

A

so they can all fit together, resulting in light being more likely to hit a chloroplast

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20
Q

opposite

equation for photosynthesis and respiration

A

carbon dioxide +water <> oxygen +glucose

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21
Q

why do stomata close at night

A

to keep moisture in, photosynthesis isnt happening due to no sunlight

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22
Q

what are the pores on insects called

A

spiricles

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23
Q

what are the advantages of insects having an exoskeloton

A

protection and prevnts water loss

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24
Q

what is an insects exoskeleton made from

A

chitin (B glucose) and a nitrogenous group

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25
Q

do insects have a large or small SA:V ratio

A

small

so cant rely on diffusion alone

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26
Q

what system do isnsects use

A

tracheal system

no lungs

27
Q

order of events of the tracheal system

A
  1. spiricles
  2. trachea
  3. tracheoles
  4. tracheal fluid
  5. cell
28
Q

what does the tracheal fluid do

A

dissolves the gas to be absorbed

29
Q

what increases the rate of gas exchange in insects

A

anaerobic exersice

30
Q

why do insects use anaerobic exersice

A
  • this produces lactic acid within the cell which decreases the water potential in the cell
  • meaning the tracheal fluid moves out of the tracheole into the cell
  • allowing O2 to move quicker into the cell
31
Q

why is it important that the pressure in the tracheoles is low

A

it allows a larger concerntration gradient from the atmosphere meaning more oxygen is drawn in

32
Q

tracheal fluid

when the insect isnt active…

A

the fluid seeps from the surrounding cells into the tracheoles

33
Q

when an insect is active…

A

muscles will draw up the fluid (had dissolved oxygen in it)

for respiration

34
Q

what increases when the tracheal fuid is drawn up when the insect is active

A

surface area, allowing O2 to diffuse directly through the tracheal walls

35
Q

how do larger insects ventilate the tracheal system

A
  • air sacs- can be squeezed by flight muscles to push air of the the trachae
  • alteration of the thorax when flying- movement/ expansion of thorax cavity helps draw air in
36
Q

front and back spiricles

what is the specialised breathing mechanism of larger insects

A
  • expand abdomin which close spiricles at the back of the absomin and opens the front ones
  • abdomin contacts again and the spiricles at the back open allowing CO2 to exit whilst the ones at te front close
37
Q

what do rings of chitin on the trachea do

A

adds structure, prevents them from collapsing when the muscle contracts for mass transport

38
Q

what is a xerophyte

A

plants adapted to low water areas

39
Q

what do curved leaves do

A

they protect the stomata from the wind and so moist air can be trapped on the inside

e,g, marram grass

40
Q

sunken stomata

A

trap moist air surrounding the stomata meaning the concerntration gradient is reduced to prevent evapourisation

41
Q

reduced no. of stomata

A

fewer spaces for water to escape

42
Q

thick waxy cuticle

A

reduces evapourisation

43
Q

layer of hairs surrounding the stomata

A

further trap most air surrounding the stomata

44
Q

roots

cacti

A
  • deep roots to find further water from lower levels of water
  • shallow roots which means they can get the water from flash floods quickly
45
Q

what are succulents

A

plants that ca stare water within their stem

46
Q

spines

A
  • reduced SA:V ratio-so less water loss
  • can produce some shade as protection from the sun, ruducing transpitration
47
Q

on cacti where is the stomata found

which means …

A

on the stem, meaning that is where photosynthesis takes place

48
Q

is water concerntration lower in water or air

A

water

49
Q

where does gas exchange happen on a fish

A

gills

50
Q

what is the structure of a gill filament

A

flatened plates

51
Q

what are the filaments of a gill attached to

A

gill arch

52
Q

what are on the gill fillaments and why

A

lamellae- they increase surface area so more oxygen is diffused

53
Q

what do gill rakers do

A

prevent debris from enetering the fish from the gills

54
Q

what is the operculum

and what does it do

A

covering over the gills for protection and to make the fish more streamline

e.g. this helps with salmon when swimming up stream to reproduce

55
Q

how does oxygen reach the gills

A

passes through the mouth and filters through the gills

56
Q

how many layers of gill filamets are there

A

2

57
Q

why wont gills work on land

A

in thw water it spreads out the lamellae, out of the water they will stick together which decreases the surface area forgas exchange

58
Q

how do fish retain oxygen

A

counter-current system

59
Q

in the name!

what is the counter-current system

A

the capillary networkof blood flowing in the opposite direction to the water menaing there is always a diffusion gradientbetween the water and the blood

so oxygen can diffuse into the blood

equilibrium is never met

60
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61
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63
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64
Q
A

biology (9 decks)

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