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Biology > Topic 3A: Exchange and Transport System > Flashcards

Topic 3A: Exchange and Transport System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name something that essensial to cells

A

Oxygen

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2
Q

Name 2 waste products that organisms excrete

A

carbon dioxide & urea

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3
Q

What does an organisms SA:V ratio effect?

A

how quickly substances are exchanged

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4
Q

Do larger or smaller organisms have a higher SA:V ratio?

A

smaller

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5
Q

How do you work out volume (cm3)?

A

lxhxw

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6
Q

How you work out surface area (cm2)?

A

hxwx how many faces

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7
Q

How do you calculate volume of a cylinder?

A

pie r2 x h

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8
Q

How do you calculate volume of a sphere?

A

4/3 pie r3

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9
Q

Explain diffusion of single-celled organisms?

A

Diffuse directly in/out of the cell across the cell-surface membrane
Diffusion rate is fast due to the small distances substance must travel

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10
Q

Do multicellular organisms diffuse across the membrane slowly and quickly?

A

Slowly

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11
Q

Name 2 factors affecing the rate of diffusion

A

a thin exchange surface- alveolar epithelium only one cell think and a large exchange surface

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12
Q

what 2 things does lung disease affect

A

ventilation and gas exchange

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13
Q

what is tidal volume

A

the volume of air in each breath (between 0.4-0.5dm3)

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14
Q

what is ventilation rate

A

number of breaths per min (15 breaths healthy)

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15
Q

what is forced expiratory volume (FEV)

A

max volume of air that can be breathed out in one second

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16
Q

what is forced vital capacity (FVC)

A

max volume of air its possible to breath forcefully out of the lungs after a really deep breath in

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17
Q

what do lung diseases do to gas exchange

A

all reduce the rate of gas exchange in the alveoli, less oxygen is able to diffuse into the blood stream so body cells recieve less oxygen

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18
Q

name and explain the 2 reasons why multicellular organisms diffuse across the outer membrane slowly

A

some cells are deep within the body, big distance between them and the outside environment
larger animals have low sa:v ratio difficult to exchange enough substances to supply increased volume of animal through small outer surface

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19
Q

what do multicelular organisms need to absord/discrete substances

A

specialised exchange organs

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20
Q

what does rate of heat loss from an organism depend on

A

surface area

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21
Q

if an animal has a large volume what does this mean in relation to heat loss

A

small sa so harder to lose heat from its body

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22
Q

because of the a small SA what does this mean for their metabolic rate (why)

A

low in large animals, high in small animals to generate enough energy to stay warm

23
Q

whats good about having a compact shape (animal)

A

animals with q compact shape have a small sa:v ratio, minimising heat loss from their surface

24
Q

what does an animals body shape depend on

A

temp of its environment

25
Q

do animas with a high sa:v ratio lose lots/little water

A

lose more water as it evapourates from their surface

26
Q

the trachea branch into what

A

tracheoles

27
Q

explain features of tracheoles

A

thin, permeable walls and go to indiviual cells

28
Q

what are tracheoles needed form

A

means that oxygen diffuses directly into the respiring cells the insects circulatory system doesn’t transport o2
co2 from cells moves down its own conc gradient towards the spiracles released into the atmosphere

29
Q

name the structures used in breathing (IN ORDER)

A

tranchea - 2 bronchi - bronchus - bronchioles - alveoli - alveolus

30
Q

explain intercostal musces

A

found between the ribs, 3 layers of them (internal and external)

31
Q

what are the 2 processes that occur during ventilation

A

inspiration and expiration

32
Q

explain inspiration

A

external intercostal and diaphragm muscles contract, causing the ribcage to move upwards and outwards and the diaphram flattens, increasing the volume of the thoratic cavity increases
lung pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure
airflows low-high pressure active process

33
Q

explain expiration

A

external intercostal and diaphragm muscles relax, ribcage moves down and inwards
diaphragm curves upwards again
the volume of the thoratic cavity decreases, causing the air pressure gradient and out of the lungs
passive process and can be forced

34
Q

what are capillaries surrounding

A

alveoli

35
Q

what are the walls of each alveolus made from

A

walls made from single layer of thin, flat cells called alveolar epithelium

36
Q

what are the walls of the capillaries made from

A

capillary endothelium

37
Q

whats the protein called in the walls of each alveolus

A

made from elastin

38
Q

explain gas exchange in the alveoli

A

o2 diffuses out of the alveoli, across the alveolar epithelium and the capillary endothelium and into Hb in the blood
co2 diffuses into the alveoli from the blood

39
Q

why is losing more water when an animal with increased SA:V ratio and how do they compensate (living in hot conditions)

A

water evaporates quickly, some small desert mammals have kidney structure adaptations so they produce less urine to compensate

40
Q

what do small animals need to do to support their high metabolic rates

A

eat large amounts of high energy foods (seeds and nuts)

41
Q

what might small mammals have when the weather gets really cold

A

fur or hibernate

42
Q

what is created when gas exchange occurs over a gas exchange surface

A

a boundary between the outside environment and internal environment of an organism

43
Q

name the 2 most common things that increase rates of diffusion

A

large SA, thin (short diffusion pathway)

44
Q

explain gas exchange in single-celled organisms

A

absorb and release gases by diffusion through their membranes
they have a high SA a thin surface and a short diffusion pathway

45
Q

where does gas surface exchange occur

A

gills

46
Q

what is the counter-current system

A

in the gills of a fish blood flows through the lamellae in one direction and water flows over them in the opposite dircetion

47
Q

what does the counter current system mean for the water/oxygen

A

Means that the water with a relatively high o2 con always flows next to the blood with low o2 conc
meaning steep conc gradient is maintained

48
Q

where is the main gas exchange surface in plants

A

mesophyll cells

49
Q

how are mesophyll cells adapted for gas exchange

A

increased SA

50
Q

explain somata

A

gases move in and out through special pores in the epidermis called stomata
they can open to allow gas exchange and close if the plant is lossing too much water
guard cells control the opening and closing

51
Q

what are tracheae

A

microscopic air-filled pipes

52
Q

what are the pores on the tracheae called

A

spiracles

53
Q

explain the structure of the gills

A

water containing oxygen enters the fish through its mouth and pass out through the gills
each gill is made of lots of thin plates called gill filaments, giving anlarge sa
gill filaments are covered in lots of tiny structures called lamella, increases sa more
lamella have lots of blood capillaries and thin surface layers of cells to speed up diffusion between h2o and blood

Biology (13 decks)

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