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paper 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the role of starch

A

store of glucose for energy

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2
Q

what is structure of amylose

A

long unbranched
angles of glycosidic bonds give it a coiled structures (compact)

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3
Q

structure of amylopectin

A

long and branched
side branches allow enzymes that breakdown the molecule to have easy access
glucose release quickly

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4
Q

features of starch

A

insoluble not affecting water potential so doesn’t swell making it good for storage

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5
Q

structure of glycogen

A

lots of side branches compact and good for storage

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6
Q

cellulose structure

A

long unbranched chains of beta glucose
straight chains joined by H-Bonds forming microfibrils
structural support provided

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7
Q

what are the properties of triglycerides

A

mainly used as energy storage molecules
long hydrocarbon tail of FA contains lots of chemical energy- released when broken down
because of these tails lipids contain twice as much energy per gram as carbs

insoluble in water doesn’t affect WP so water doesn’t enter by osmosis
Bundle together forming droplets, tails face inwards and shield themselves with glycerol heads

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8
Q

properties of phospholipids

A

make up bilayer of CM controlling what leaves and enters cell
heads are hydrophilic
tails are hydrophobic
meaning water soluble substances cant easily pass through
membrane acts as a barrier

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9
Q

what does a functional protein have

A

1 or more polypeptide chains

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10
Q

what is the role of hydrogen bonds in protein structure

A

form bond between partially neg oxygen and partially pos nitrogen make it coil or fold more (secondary structure)

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11
Q

what is the role of ionic bonds in protein structure

A

tertiary structure
more bond form between different parts go polypeptide chain, further coiling and folding the chain

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12
Q

what is the role of disulphide bridges in protein structure

A

form whenever 2 molecules of aa cysteine come close together, sulphur of one bonds to sulphur of the other S=S

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13
Q

structure of enzyme relating to function

A

spherical tightly folded polypeptide chains
soluble and have a role in metabolism

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14
Q

structure of antibodies relating to function

A

involved in immune response
2 light chain and 2 heavy chains
variable regions

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15
Q

structure of structural proteins relating to function

A

physically strong
consist of a long-polypeptide chains lying in parallel with cross-links

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16
Q

how many pp chains does collagen have

A

3
tightly coiled

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17
Q

what can enzymes do (not basic definition)

A

enzymes catalyse a wide range of intra/extracellular reactions that determine structures and functions from cellular to whole organism
involve in hydrolysis and DNA replication

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18
Q

what bonds form between 2 nucleotides

A

phosphodiester bond

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19
Q

is rna short of long

A

short

20
Q

what is pi used for

A

when inorganic phosphate is released during hydrolysis of atp can be used to phosphorylate other compounds and make them more reactive

21
Q

inorganic ions occur….

A

in solution in the cytoplasm and bodily fluids of organisms
some in high conc and some in low

22
Q

iron inorganic ions

A

Fe2+
haemoglobin large protein that carries o2 around the body in RBC’s
made up of 4pp chains with fe2+ at the centre
fe2+ binds to oxygen in Hb when fe2+ binds to oxygen fe3+ until o2 released

23
Q

hydrogen ions inorganic ions

A

ph is calculated based on the conc of h+ in environment
more h+ means its more acidic
enzyme controlled reactions affected by pH

24
Q

sodium ions inorganic ions

A

glucose and amino acids need a bit of help crossing CM
glucose/AA transport into a cell (co-transport)

25
Q

phosphate ions inorganic ions

A

attached to another molecule
DNA, RNA and ATP have phosphate allowing nucleotide to join yp to form
polynucleotides

26
Q

nucleus structure and function

A

jelly-like nucleoplasm
nucleolus
nuclear envelope
nuclear pore
chromatin
control cell activities (by controlling transcription of DNA)
pores allow substances t9 move between cytoplasm and nucleus

27
Q

prokaryotic features

A

much smaller
smaller ribosomes
cell wall contains murine (glycoprotein)

28
Q

what does the xylem do

A

cohesion tension theory, water and dissolved mineral ions moves from the roots to the stem and leaves

29
Q

what does the phloem do

A

carry organic substances (sucrose) source to the sink

30
Q

structure of xylem

A

hollow tubes
formed from dead cells joined
one way
and no end walls
lignin providing structural support for plant

31
Q

whats cohesion

A

water molecules attracted to others by hydrogen bonding

32
Q

whats a transpiration stream

A

water and dissolved mineral ions through xylem vessels from roots to leaves

33
Q

whats transpiration

A

evaporation of water from plants surface especially leaves

34
Q

whats cohesion tension theory

A

1) water transpires from leaves, decreasing water potential in leaf cells so water drawn out xylem by osmosis
2) creating tension more water down up through xylem

as h2o cohesive due to hydrogen bonding, water moves as a continuous column

3) allows more water to enter roots by osmosis (water potential at roots decreases)

35
Q

increased light intensity effect on transpiration

A

increases stomata open due to more co2 for photosynthesis increased water vapour leaving

36
Q

increased humidity effect on transpiration

A

decreases as decreased conc gradient of water vapour in and out so slower diffusion in and out

37
Q

increased temp effect on transpiration

A

increases h2o has increased KE so more h2o evaporates increasing conc gradient of water vapour so faster diffusion

38
Q

increased wind effect on transpiration

A

increases h2o removed from around stomata increasing conc gradient and increased diff rate

39
Q

whats source

A

where sucrose produced

40
Q

whats sink

A

where sucrose needed (roots as they cant photosynthesise)

41
Q

phloem structure

A

column with sieve tube elements containing no nucleus and few organelles they are living cells that are elongated and join to the end to form long tubes
companion cells carry out living functions for sieve cell (energy for AT)

42
Q

what maintains conc gradient in phloem

A

enzymes
conc gradient of solutes between source and sink by regulating conc of solutes at sink by hydrolysis them

43
Q

mass flow hypothesis

A

source: sucrose AT from cells in source into phloem by companion cells, which have mitochondria
decreased water potential at phloem
water enters phloem by osmosis and high hydrostatic pressure at phloem (volume of water increase)

sink: sucrose AT out phloem into sink cells
water potential of sink cells decrease so water enters by osmosis
decreased hp at sink

overall pressure gradient pushes solutes to sink

44
Q

ringing trees

A

removing section of the bark (which contains phloem)
so solutes accumulate above the removed area as no phloem for them to flow through to sink creating a bulge
pressure applies from above sucrose accumulates

45
Q

radioactive tracers

A

plant supplied with co2 containing radioactive c14, often done in air tight container
radioactive carbon incorporated into glucose when plants photosynthesise covering glucose to sucrose (moved by translocation)
movement traced using radioactive tracers (black)

46
Q

evidence against mass flow hypothesis

A

organic materials have to reach sink to flowers so how can sap move up and down plant at the same time
sucrose rate of movement doesn’t change no matter how steep conc gradient is

Biology (13 decks)

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