TOPIC 3: Voice of the Genome Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the role of the nucleus?

A

contains genetic info as chromatin

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2
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus?

A

double membrane
nucleolus
nuclear pores

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3
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

dense area where ribosomes are made

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4
Q

What is chromatin?

A

DNA wrapped around histones

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5
Q

Describe the structure of mitochondria.

A

double membrane

inner membrane folded into cristae (large SA/V for respiration)

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6
Q

What is the role of the centrosome?

A

forms mitotic spindle & cytoskeleton

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7
Q

Describe the structure of centrosome.

A

2 centrioles = 1 centrosome

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8
Q

What is the role of smooth ER?

A

synthesis of lipids & hormones

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9
Q

What is the role of rough ER?

A

synthesis of membrane bound or secreted proteins

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10
Q

How do you differentiate between rER and sER?

A

rER has ribosomes

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11
Q

What is the role of the golgi?

A

modification and packaging of proteins

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12
Q

What are vesicles?

A

small membrane-bound sacs for storage and transport of molecules

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13
Q

What is the role of the lysosome?

A

break down of material in cell

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14
Q

What is the structure of the lysosome?

A

single membrane with digestive enzymes inside

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15
Q

What is the role of the cytoskeleton?

A

gives the cell structure and allows it to change shape

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16
Q

What is the secretory pathway?

A
  1. Proteins synthesised on rER (+ folded to form tertiary structure and modified, glycosylation)
  2. Proteins packaged into vesicles and transported to Golgi
  3. Vesicles fuse with Golgi, where protein is modified further
  4. Protein packed into secretory vesicles and pinch off to the cell surface membrane
  5. Vesicles fuse with cell membrane and exit by exocytosis/transmembrane protein
17
Q

Which organelles can be found in prokaryotes?

A

circular DNA, cell wall, capsule, food granules, flagellum, pili, plasmid and mesosome

18
Q

What is the prokaryotic cell wall made of?

A

peptidoglycan

19
Q

What is the role of the slime capsule?

A

protection & prevention of dehydration

20
Q

What are the food granules?

A

glycogen & lipids

21
Q

DIfferences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes don’t have nuclei (circular DNA)

eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles

22
Q

What does the mitochondria in sperm cells do?

A

tightly packed

provides ATP for tail movement

23
Q

What does the flagellum do?

A

propels the sperm

24
Q

What do microtubules do?

A

keep sperm in suspension for movement

25
Q

What is the role of the acrosome?

A

storage for enzymes which digest the zona pellucida

26
Q

What is the role of follicle cells?

A

surround ovum and release chemicals to trigger acrosome reaction

27
Q

What is the role of the zona pellucida?

A

glycoprotein layer needed for binding of sperm

28
Q

What is the role of the cortical granules?

A

lysosome which releases enzymes to thicken zona pellucida and prevent further entry of sperm

29
Q

What are the lipid droplets?

A

food store for embryo

30
Q

Describe the stages of fertilisation

A
  1. Follicle cell releases chemical which triggers acrosome reaction
  2. Acrosome membrane fuses with front of sperm cell membrane and digestive enzymes released
  3. Enzymes digest zona pellucida
  4. Sperm membrane fuses with ovum membrane & nucleus enters ovum
  5. Cortical reaction: zona pellucida thickens to prevent entry of other sperm
  6. Egg and sperm nuclei fuse - diploid zygote
31
Q

What is the gene locus?

A

location of genes on a chromosome

32
Q

What is gene linkage?

A

when genes are located on the same chromosome and aren’t inherited independently