Topic 3- Urban Challenges Flashcards
What is a megacity?
A city which has a population of over 10million people.
What is a primate city?
The most dominant city in a country, significantly bigger than any other city in terms of population, economy, and political influence.
What is an informal economy?
Is an unofficial and unregulated economy, where no records are kept.
People in the informal economy have no contracts or employment rights.
What is a formal economy?
An official economy and meets legal standards for accounts, taxes
and workers’ pay and conditions.
What is the Clark-Fisher model?
Pre-industrial: Most people farm, mine, or fish.
Industrial: Factories and towns grow, with some service jobs.
Post-industrial: Service jobs like healthcare and banking dominate.
Later stage: Technology and research jobs expand.
What is regeneration?
Regeneration means improving run-down areas by adding new buildings, jobs, and services.
What is urbanisation?
Urbanisation is the growth of cities as more people move in, leading to more buildings, jobs, and services.
What is counter-urbanisation?
Counter-urbanisation is when people move from cities to smaller towns or rural areas for a better quality of life.
What is de-industrialisation?
Deindustrialisation is the decline of manufacturing industries, often due to automation, outsourcing, or changing economic trends. This leads to factory closures, job losses, and a shift towards service-based jobs.
What is suburbanisation?
When developed cities become too crowded and polluted, people who can afford it move out of the city centre to the suburbs, often on the edge of cities where the land is cheaper.
What is the CBD of a city?
The CBD (Central Business District) is the heart of a city, where most businesses, offices, shops, and entertainment are located.
What all the 4 layers of the city?
Rural urban area, suburbs, inner city, CBD.
What is the name of the case study megacity?
Lagos
Why are there slums and more upper class areas in Lagos?
Lagos has slums and upper-class areas due to rapid population growth, migration for jobs, and economic inequality, with limited resources leading to the growth of informal settlements and wealthy neighborhoods.
What are informal settlements?
Areas where people live without legal permission or proper infrastructure, often built on land that isn’t officially zoned for housing. These areas lack basic services resulting in slums.
What is spatial growth?
The outward growth of the city either into and beyond the Rural urban fringe or on reclaimed
land (land built on the sea)
What is the urban function?
The typical function of an area affects the types of buildings you find there
What is land use
Refers to how people utilize land for different purposes, such as residential, commercial, agricultural, industrial, or recreational activities.
3 types of land usage
Residential – Housing and living spaces.
Commercial – Businesses, shops, and offices.
Agricultural – Farms, crops, and livestock.
What is reclaimed land?
Land that has been created or restored from oceans, rivers, or other water bodies for human use.
Why do people expect their standard of living to improve moving to Lagos?
More job opportunities, better wages, access to education, healthcare, and modern infrastructure
Why can be the rapid population growth in Lagos be a negative?
By overcrowding the city, leading to housing shortages, traffic congestion, and the expansion of slums.
What is the Gini coefficient?
Measure of income inequality in a country, ranging from 0 to 1, where 0 means perfect equality and 1 means maximum amounts of inequality.
What is top-down and bottom-up
Top-down: Development or decision-making led by governments or large organisations.
Bottom-up: Development or decision-making driven by local communities or individuals.
