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CMB2007 - Anatomy > Topic 3 - The Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Topic 3 - The Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

How is information relayed to the CNS?

A

Information is relayed to the CNS by afferent neurones in the PNS

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3
Q

What does the CNS do with information it receives?

A

The CNS collects and processes this information, it is stored and if appropriate it is responded too

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4
Q

What is the brain divided into?

A

The brain is divided into two hemispheres, the right and left hemisphere

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5
Q

How are the functions in the brain organised?

A

The functions in the brain are lateralised

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6
Q

What does the left hemisphere of the brain do?

A

The left hemisphere of the brain controls logic, numbers and language, it processes the sensory and motor pathways for the right side of the body

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7
Q

What does the right hemisphere of the brain do?

A

The right hemisphere is involved with creativity, imagination and rhythm and processes the sensory and motor pathways of the left side of the brain

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8
Q

How are the two hemispheres of the brain connected?

A

The two hemispheres are joined by a neural bridge of nerve fibres known as the corpus callosum

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9
Q

What are the 3 lobes of the brain?

A

The frontal lobe, The parietal lobe and The occipital lobe

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10
Q

What are the functional areas of the brain?

A

The functional areas of the brain are the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

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11
Q

What does the forebrain consist of?

A

The forebrain consists of the cerebrum (cerebral cortex), thalamus and hypothalamus

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12
Q

Where are the thalamus and hypothalamus found?

A

The thalamus and hypothalamus are located within the diencephalon (the superior part of the forebrain_

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13
Q

What does the midbrain consist of?

A

The midbrain is just the midbrain, it is not divided into other areas

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14
Q

What does the hindbrain consist of?

A

The hindbrain consists of the cerebellum, pons and medulla

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15
Q

What does the brain stem consist of?

A

The brainstem consists of the midbrain, pons and medulla

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16
Q

What is the reticular formation and where is it?

A

The reticular formation is a very important part of the brain that controls consciousness and it runs through the whole brain stem

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17
Q

What does the midbrain control?

A

The midbrain controls higher functions (eye movement and auditory systems)

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18
Q

Which controls higher functions: midbrain, pons or medulla?

A

The midbrain controls higher functions than the pons and medulla

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19
Q

What does the medulla control?

A

The medulla controls very basic functions such as breathing and heart-rate

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20
Q

What does the pons control?

A

The pons has indistinct roles in consciousness and posture

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21
Q

What does the cerebellum consist of?

A

The cerebellum consists of two mounds of folded tissue posterior to the brain stem to which it is connected by three peduncles (bonds of neurones resembling a stalk) of neural tissue

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22
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

The cerebellum is mainly concerned with motor functions, it also plays a vital role in motor learning (like riding a bike) as all motor skills are stored in the cerebellar memory

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23
Q

Where does the cerebellum receive input from?

A

The cerebellum receives inputs from ascending sensory pathways from the body and descending motor pathways from the cerebrum and other information from the brain stem

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24
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

The thalamus is the relay point where all inputs to the cerebrum synapse before ascending to the cerebral cortex

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25
Q

What is the main function of the hypothalamus?

A

Homeostasis

26
Q

What does the hypothalamus directly control?

A

The hypothalamus directly controls blood pressure, body temperature, fluid and electrolyte balance, body weight

27
Q

What does the hypothalamus control via inputs to the medulla?

A

Heart rate, vasoconstriction, digestion and sweating

28
Q

Where does the autonomic nervous system originate?

A

The autonomic nervous system originates in the medulla

29
Q

What happens when the hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary gland?

A

The pituitary gland is stimulated to release hormones

30
Q

What is most of the volume of the cerebral hemisphere?

A

Most of the volume of the cerebral hemisphere consists of white matter

31
Q

What does cerebral cortex/cerebral grey matter contain?

A

The cerebral cortex/cerebral grey matter contains the cell bodies of the neurones

32
Q

What is the cerebral cortex the location of?

A

The cerebral cortex is the location of higher functions such as intelligence, personality, interpretation of sensory impulses, motor function, planning and organisation, and touch sensation

33
Q

What are sulci?

A

Sulci are infoldings on the brain, often used to demarcate (mark the boundary of) different functional areas

34
Q

What are gyri?

A

Gyri are sticky out bits between sulci, these are areas of functional grey matter, adjacent gyri may have very different functions

35
Q

LEARN DIAGRAM OF LATERAL AND MEDIAL VEIW OF BRAIN

A

NOTES

36
Q

What are the four lobes the cerebral cortex is split into?

A

The frontal lobe (right and left), Occipital lobe, Temporal lobe and The parietal lobe

37
Q

Where is frontal lobe and what is it responsible for?

A

The frontal lobe is at the front of the cortex and it is involved with movement, decision making, problem solving and planning

38
Q

What does the right frontal lobe control?

A

The left side of the body

39
Q

What does the left frontal lobe control?

A

The right side of the body

40
Q

What is within the frontal lobe?

A

The pre-central gyrus which is involved in executing voluntary motor movement

41
Q

What is behind the frontal lobe?

A

The parietal lobe

42
Q

What is the parietal lobe involved in?

A

The parietal lobe is involved in receiving and processing sensory information, known as somatosensory cortex

43
Q

What is in the parietal cortex?

A

The post central gyrus

44
Q

What does the post central gyrus do?

A

The post central gyrus is in the parietal lobe and is responsible for detecting sensory modalities e.g. touch, temperature, pressure and pain

45
Q

What is the occipital lobe involved in?

A

The occipital lobe is involved in visual processing, visual information is sent to the parietal and temporal lobes for further processing

46
Q

Where is the temporal lobe found?

A

The temporal lobe is directly below front and parietal lobe

47
Q

What is the temporal lobe involved in?

A

The temporal lobe is involved in memory, emotion, hearing and language

48
Q

Where is the hippocampus found?

A

The hippocampus is found in the temporal lobe

49
Q

What are meninges and where are they found?

A

The CNS is covered by the meninges, this layer of tissue physically separates the CNS from the rest of the body, the meninges form a layer of tissue around the brain, physically separating it from the rest of the body and helping to cushion it

50
Q

What are the 3 layers of meninges?

A

The pia, the arachnoid matter and the dura matter

51
Q

What is the pia matter involved in?

A

The pia matter is adherent to the brain itself and dips down into the sulci of the brain

52
Q

Where is the arachnoid matter found?

A

The arachnoid matter is found in the middle

53
Q

What is the outermost layer of meninges?

A

The dura matter

54
Q

What is the CNS bathed in within the meninges?

A

Within the meninges the CNS is bathed in Cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF)

55
Q

What produced CSF?

A

CSF is produced by specialised epithelium (choroid plexus) lining cavities within the brain

56
Q

What is CSF?

A

A clear fluid that is lower in proteins, cells and most ions than plasma, CSF is a fluid that is actively secreted from the blood, it flows between the surface of the brain and the meninges, bathing the brain and spinal cord and helping cushion them

57
Q

What is in higher conc in CSF than in plasma?

A

CSF has a higher concentration of sodium, chloride and magnesium, these are actively transported by epithelium into the CNS

58
Q

Where is CSF reabsorbed?

A

CSF is reabsorbed into venous circulation at specialised points called arachnoid granulation

59
Q

What does CSF circulate through?

A

The CSF circulates through the ventricles (cavities) within the brain before exiting onto the surface of the brain (still within the meninges) to bathe the brain and spinal cord

60
Q

What are ventricles?

A

Ventricles are spaces or cavities within the brain, linked by passageways called aqueducts, these allow CSF to circulate through the brain and open onto the surface of the CNS or into the central canal of the spinal cord

CMB2007 - Anatomy (5 decks)

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