Topic 1 - Introduction to Anatomy Flashcards
What is the anatomical position?
Looking forward, Standing upright, Palms forwards, Feet pointing forwards
What is the anterior view?
This applies to structure being more in front of other structures in the body
What is the posterior view?
This applies to structures being further back than other structures in the body
What do planes allow us to study?
Cross sectional anatomy
How do we interpret cross sectional images?
Standing at the patient feet and looking up to the head
What is the sagittal plane ?
Vertical place which divides the body into left and right portions
What is the median place?
The plane which divides the body into two equal parts
What is the coronal place?
The plane which divides the body into anterior and posterior sections
What does superior mean? Example?
Nearer to the head
The heart is superior to the stomach
What does inferior mean?
Example?
Nearer to the feet
Stomach is inferior to the heart
What does anterior mean?
Example?
Nearer to the front
Breastbone (sternum) is anterior to the heart
What is another word for anterior?
Ventral
What does posterior mean?
Example?
Nearer to the back
Brain is posterior to nose
What is another word for posterior?
Dorsal
What does medial mean?
Example?
Nearer the median plane Fifth digit (little finger) is on the medial side of the hand
What does lateral mean?
Example?
Farther from the median plane First digit (thumb) is on the lateral side of the hand
What does proximal mean?
Example?
Nearer the trunk of point of origin (e.g. of a limb)
Elbow is proximal to the wrist and the proximal part of an artery is its beginning
What does distal mean?
Example?
Farther from the trunk or point of origin (e.g. of a limb)
Wrist is distal to the elbow and distal part of lower limb is the foot
What does superficial mean?
Example?
Nearer to or on the surface
Muscles of the arm are superficial to its bone (humerus)
What does deep mean?
Example?
Farther from the surface
Humerus is deep to the arm muscles
What does dorsum mean?
Example?
Dorsal surface part of hand or foot
Veins are visible in the dorsum of the hand
What does palm mean?
Example?
Palmer surface of the hand
Skin creases are visible on the palm
What does sole mean?
Example?
Plantar surface of the foot
Skin is thick on the sole of the foot
What does surface anatomy allow us to do?
It allows us to visualise the locations of anatomical structures in the body rather than as isolated systems
What are vertebral levels used for?
To define the location of a structure in the vertical plane
Why are vertebrae used to define locations?
They are the only anatomical structure that are consistent between the thorax, abdomen and pelvis
What are the four sections that vertebrae are divided up into?
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar and Sacral
How are vertebrae numbered?
From top to bottom (superior to inferior)
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7, C1-C7
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12, T1-T12
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5, L1-L5
How many sacral vertebrae are there?
5, S1-S5
What is the order of the vertebrae?
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumber and Sacral
What are the boundaries of the major body regions?
Head and neck, Upper limb (arm), Thorax, Abdomen, Pelvis (perineum), Lower limb (leg)
Where is the head and neck region?
This region extends from the top of the head superiorly to the clavicle (collarbone) inferiorly
Where is the upper limb (arm)?
This region on each side consists of the scapula (shoulder blade), arm, forearm and hand
What is the thorax, where does it extend from?
Also known as the chest, extends from the collarbone superiorly to the level of the diaphragm inferiorly on the anterior surface of the body
What is the abdomen, where does it extend from?
Known generally as the stomach, it extends from the level of the diaphragm superiorly to the inguinal ligament inferiorly on the anterior surface of the body
What is the pelvis?
Also known as the perineum, it is the superficial region of the body between the pubic symphysis (pubic arch) and coccyx (tail bone)
What is the lower limb?
The leg, this region on each side consists of the gluteal region (bottom), thigh, leg, lower leg and foot
What are the different quadrants the abdomen can be divided into?
Right upper quadrant, Right lower quadrant, Left upper quadrant, Left lower quadrant (opposite when looking at an image)
What are the different regions the abdomen can be divided into? (1 through to 9 going in rows)
Right hypochondrium, Epigastrium, Left hypochondrium, Right lumbar, Umbilical, Left lumbar, Right iliac fossa, Hypogastrium, Left illiac fossa
What are the vertical lines between the regions called?
Midclavicular lines
What is the most superior horizontal line between the regions called?
Transpyloric line
What is the most inferior horizontal line between the reigons called?
Transtubercular plane
What connective tissues make up the skeleton?
Bone and cartilage
What are the four mian functions of the skeleton and the component bones?
- Protection of major organs e.g. the skull protects the brain
- Forming the mechanical basis for movement
- Haemopoesis: erythrocytes and B lymphocytes are made in the bone barrow
- Storage of salts in bone
Is bone dead or alive?
Alive, it is a highly vascular living tissue
What are the two types of mature bone?
Compact and spongy
What are the features of compact bone?
Compact bone is steong and dense, all the bones in the body have a superficial thin layer of it
What are the features of spongy bone? What is another name for spongy bone?
Cancellous bone - less dense, with numerous air spaces and forms the core of most bones, except when replaced by a medullary (marrow) cavity, this means that bones are lighter which aids movement, while the compact layer provides strength
What is the head of a bone called?
Epiphysis
What is the shaft of a bone called?
Diaphysis
What is this plate between the epiphysis and diaphysis called?
Epiphyseal plate
How does cartilage obtain nutrients and oxygen?
By diffusion, doesn’t have a blood or nerve supply like bone does
What are the different types of cartilage?
Hyaline, Fibrocartilage, Elastic
Where do we find hylaine cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage is the most widely present type of cartilage in the body, it is present in adults as articular cartilage in joints and in the respiratory system as support for the airways (e.g. the rings of cartilage around the trachea)
Where do we find fibrocartilage?
Fibrocartilage is found in articular disks within joints, in intervertebral discs and around the edge of ball and socket joints to enlarge the surface of the socket, this type is tougher than hyaline cartilage