Topic 1 - Introduction to Anatomy Flashcards
What is the anatomical position?
Looking forward, Standing upright, Palms forwards, Feet pointing forwards
What is the anterior view?
This applies to structure being more in front of other structures in the body
What is the posterior view?
This applies to structures being further back than other structures in the body
What do planes allow us to study?
Cross sectional anatomy
How do we interpret cross sectional images?
Standing at the patient feet and looking up to the head
What is the sagittal plane ?
Vertical place which divides the body into left and right portions
What is the median place?
The plane which divides the body into two equal parts
What is the coronal place?
The plane which divides the body into anterior and posterior sections
What does superior mean? Example?
Nearer to the head
The heart is superior to the stomach
What does inferior mean?
Example?
Nearer to the feet
Stomach is inferior to the heart
What does anterior mean?
Example?
Nearer to the front
Breastbone (sternum) is anterior to the heart
What is another word for anterior?
Ventral
What does posterior mean?
Example?
Nearer to the back
Brain is posterior to nose
What is another word for posterior?
Dorsal
What does medial mean?
Example?
Nearer the median plane Fifth digit (little finger) is on the medial side of the hand
What does lateral mean?
Example?
Farther from the median plane First digit (thumb) is on the lateral side of the hand
What does proximal mean?
Example?
Nearer the trunk of point of origin (e.g. of a limb)
Elbow is proximal to the wrist and the proximal part of an artery is its beginning
What does distal mean?
Example?
Farther from the trunk or point of origin (e.g. of a limb)
Wrist is distal to the elbow and distal part of lower limb is the foot
What does superficial mean?
Example?
Nearer to or on the surface
Muscles of the arm are superficial to its bone (humerus)
What does deep mean?
Example?
Farther from the surface
Humerus is deep to the arm muscles
What does dorsum mean?
Example?
Dorsal surface part of hand or foot
Veins are visible in the dorsum of the hand
What does palm mean?
Example?
Palmer surface of the hand
Skin creases are visible on the palm
What does sole mean?
Example?
Plantar surface of the foot
Skin is thick on the sole of the foot
What does surface anatomy allow us to do?
It allows us to visualise the locations of anatomical structures in the body rather than as isolated systems
What are vertebral levels used for?
To define the location of a structure in the vertical plane
Why are vertebrae used to define locations?
They are the only anatomical structure that are consistent between the thorax, abdomen and pelvis
What are the four sections that vertebrae are divided up into?
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar and Sacral
How are vertebrae numbered?
From top to bottom (superior to inferior)
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7, C1-C7
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12, T1-T12
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5, L1-L5
How many sacral vertebrae are there?
5, S1-S5
What is the order of the vertebrae?
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumber and Sacral
What are the boundaries of the major body regions?
Head and neck, Upper limb (arm), Thorax, Abdomen, Pelvis (perineum), Lower limb (leg)
Where is the head and neck region?
This region extends from the top of the head superiorly to the clavicle (collarbone) inferiorly
Where is the upper limb (arm)?
This region on each side consists of the scapula (shoulder blade), arm, forearm and hand
What is the thorax, where does it extend from?
Also known as the chest, extends from the collarbone superiorly to the level of the diaphragm inferiorly on the anterior surface of the body
What is the abdomen, where does it extend from?
Known generally as the stomach, it extends from the level of the diaphragm superiorly to the inguinal ligament inferiorly on the anterior surface of the body
What is the pelvis?
Also known as the perineum, it is the superficial region of the body between the pubic symphysis (pubic arch) and coccyx (tail bone)
What is the lower limb?
The leg, this region on each side consists of the gluteal region (bottom), thigh, leg, lower leg and foot
What are the different quadrants the abdomen can be divided into?
Right upper quadrant, Right lower quadrant, Left upper quadrant, Left lower quadrant (opposite when looking at an image)
What are the different regions the abdomen can be divided into? (1 through to 9 going in rows)
Right hypochondrium, Epigastrium, Left hypochondrium, Right lumbar, Umbilical, Left lumbar, Right iliac fossa, Hypogastrium, Left illiac fossa
What are the vertical lines between the regions called?
Midclavicular lines
What is the most superior horizontal line between the regions called?
Transpyloric line
What is the most inferior horizontal line between the reigons called?
Transtubercular plane
What connective tissues make up the skeleton?
Bone and cartilage
What are the four mian functions of the skeleton and the component bones?
- Protection of major organs e.g. the skull protects the brain
- Forming the mechanical basis for movement
- Haemopoesis: erythrocytes and B lymphocytes are made in the bone barrow
- Storage of salts in bone
Is bone dead or alive?
Alive, it is a highly vascular living tissue
What are the two types of mature bone?
Compact and spongy
What are the features of compact bone?
Compact bone is steong and dense, all the bones in the body have a superficial thin layer of it
What are the features of spongy bone? What is another name for spongy bone?
Cancellous bone - less dense, with numerous air spaces and forms the core of most bones, except when replaced by a medullary (marrow) cavity, this means that bones are lighter which aids movement, while the compact layer provides strength
What is the head of a bone called?
Epiphysis
What is the shaft of a bone called?
Diaphysis
What is this plate between the epiphysis and diaphysis called?
Epiphyseal plate
How does cartilage obtain nutrients and oxygen?
By diffusion, doesn’t have a blood or nerve supply like bone does
What are the different types of cartilage?
Hyaline, Fibrocartilage, Elastic
Where do we find hylaine cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage is the most widely present type of cartilage in the body, it is present in adults as articular cartilage in joints and in the respiratory system as support for the airways (e.g. the rings of cartilage around the trachea)
Where do we find fibrocartilage?
Fibrocartilage is found in articular disks within joints, in intervertebral discs and around the edge of ball and socket joints to enlarge the surface of the socket, this type is tougher than hyaline cartilage
What is special about elastic cartilage?
It is highly resilient due to the elastic fibres contained in its structure
Where do we find elastic cartilage?
Found in the external ear, auditory tube, epiglottis and parts of the larynx
GO LEARN DIAGRAM ON BONES
NOW
What are the 26 bones we should know? - Also a test on bb
Skull Mandible (Lower jaw) Sternum Clavicle Scapula Humerus (Upper Arm) Ulna (Inner) Radius (Outside) Carpals (Wrist) Metacarpals (Hands) Phalanges (Fingers) Ribs (12) Costal cartilages Cervical vertebrae (7) Thoracic vertebrae (12) Lumbar vertebrae (5) Sacrum Coccyx Hip bone (Pelvis or Innominate) Femur (Thigh) Patella (Knee cap) Tibia (Inner) Fibula (Outside) Tarsals Metatarsels Phalanges (Toes)
What is the main difference between male and female pelvis’?
Female pelvis is flatter and wider than a males
What are the two subdivisions of the pelvis?
Greater and Lesser pelvis
Where does the greater pelvis lie?
Between the two large ilium bones
Where does the lesser pelvis lie?
Deep to the pubic bone
What does the thorax contain?
The heart, lungs, diaphragm and aorta
Where does the superior vena cava come from?
The upper body
Where does the inferior vena cava come from?
The lower body
Learn heart diagram!!
NOTES
What is the heart covered by?
A layer of tough fascia known as the pericardium
Where is the heart located?
The location of the heart extends from T5 superiorly to T9 inferiorly in the inferior part of the mediastinum
What is the mediastinum?
The anatomic region located between the lungs that contains all the principle tissues and organs of the chest except the lungs
What does the mediastinum contain?
The heart, Thymus gland, Portions of the oesophagus and trachea
What are the different regions of the mediastinum?
Anterior, Middle, Posterior and Superior
What is the Fascia?
Fibrous tissue which enfolds or connects muscles and various body organs
Where is the apex of the heart located?
In the 5th intercostal space
Where does the right border of the heart lay?
Deep to the right border of the sternum
Where does the aorta rise superiorly from?
The left ventricle of the heart
Where does the arch of the aorta form?
Level of the T4
How are the lungs linked to the outside world?
Via the trachea and bronchi
Where are the lungs located? Where do they extend from?
Located within the thorax, the lungs extend from their apex, just above the first rib superiorly, level with T1, to the diaphragm inferiorly, level with T12,
What is the cardiac notch?
Indentation on the surface of the lungs to allow space for the heart
What is the oblique fissure?
Separates the lobes of the lung (one in each lung)
What is the horizontal fissure?
Separates the right middle lobe from the right upper lobe
What is the diaphragm?
A muscular dome that separates the thorax from the abdomen
At rest, where is the highest point of the diaphragm?
Level with T9
Where is the diaphragm attached to the body cell wall?
Inferiorly on the diaphragm level with T12
What does the diaphragm do to aid inspiration?
Contracts and flattens
What is the pleura?
The pleura is a double layer of connective tissue which surrounds both the heart and lungs
What are the two layers of pleura called?
Visceral pleura (adjacent to organ), Parietal pleura Visceral pleura is deep to the parietal pleura
Where is the common root of the two layers of pleura?
The base of the lungs
How is friction limited between the two layers of pleura?
There is a thin watery fluid that lies between them
What does the pleura do?
It forms an airtight seal around the organs to ensure the volume of gas between the layers remains constant, which allows the lungs to expand with the ribcage
What does the pulmonary artery do?
Carries blood from the right of the heart to the lungs
What is special about the pulmonary artery?
It is the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood
What does the full digestive tract consist of?
Oesophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine and Rectum
What are the 3 things associated with the digestive tract?
Liver, Gall bladder and Pancreas
What does the stomach act as? What special about it in the GI tract?
The stomach is the most dilated part of the GI tract and acts as a food blender and reservoir
What does the low pH environment of the stomach do? How is this created?
The low pH environment is created by gastric secretions, this aids digestion and provides an important physiological barrier against pathogen
What are the 3 areas of the stomach?
The Fundus, The Body, The Antrum (pyloric part)
Where does the stomach lie?
Just below the diaphragm to the left of the abdominal cavity
What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
Which is the proximal section of the small intestine?
The duodenum, its separated from the stomach by the pyloric sphincter
What are the four parts of the duodenum?
Superior, Descending, Horizontal, Ascending
Where does jejunum begin?
It is the middle part and begins at the duodenojejunal junction
When does the jejunum become the ileum?
At an anatomically distinct junction
Where are the liver and the gall bladder?
In the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, directly beneath the diaphragm
What are the two lobes of the liver?
The large right lobe and the smaller left lobe
What does the liver produce?
Bile salts that facilitates digestion of lipids
Where is bile stored?
In the gall bladder until it is needed
What is the pancreas?
An elongated gland, accessory to the GI tract which also has endocrine functions
Where is the pancreas located?
Superiorly in the umbilical region, extending out into the left lumbar region, inferior and deep to the stomach
What are four parts of the colon (LI)?
The ascending colon, Transverse colon, Descending colon, Sigmoid colon
Where does the ascending colon travel?
The ascending colon travels superiorly from the right lower to the right upper quadrant, it then forms a 90 degree bend
Where does the transverse colon travel?
The transverse colon travels from the right upper to left upper quadrant where it forms a 90 degree bend into the descending colon
What is the angle in the transverse colon called?
The left colic flexure, this is when you get to the spleen
Where does the descending colon travel?
The descending travels from the left upper quadrant to the left lower quadrant
Where does the large intestine become the sigmoid colon?
The sigmoid colon starts in the left lower quadrant, the sigmoid colon is S-shaped and it connects the descending colon to the rectum
What is the rectum?
The rectum is the terminal part of the large intestine
Where does the rectum begin?
The rectum begins at the S3 vertebrae
REVISE DIAGRAM OF RECTUM
NOTES
What is the caecum?
The first section of the large intestine, it is a pouch of the large intestine which contains the vermiform appendix
Where does the caecum begin?
The caecum begins at the ileocaecal junction
Where is the appendix located?
The appendix is located in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen, the vermiform appendix extends form the inferior border of the caecum
Where is the spleen located?
The spleen is located in the left lumbar region at the tip of the pancreas
What is the spleen?
The spleen is a secondary lymphoid tissue and a vital component of the immune system
What is the main role of the spleen?
The main role of the spleen is blood filtration, removing aged red blood cells and collecting antigen
Where is the stomach located?
The stomach lies in the upper half of the abodmen, across the midline into the left hypochondrium
Where is the caecum located? (region)
The caecum is located in the right iliac fossa
Where is the transverse colon? (region)
The transverse colon is deep to the umbilicus
Where is the liver located (and the different lobes)? (region)
The large right lobe of the liver is located in the right hypochondrium, it extends across the abdominal cavity and the tip of the left lobe extends from the epigastrium into the left hypochrodium
Where is the gall bladder located?
The gallbladder is deep to the liver
Where is the pancreas located?
The pancreas is located superiorly in the umbilical region, extending out into the left lumbar region, it is inferior and deep to the stomach
What does the urinary system consist of?
Kidneys, Urinary bladder, Ureters, Urethra
What is the purpose of the urinary system?
The purpose of the urinary system is the excretion of urea and other toxins along with maintenance of blood volume and osmolarity
Where do the kidneys lie?
The kidneys lie on the posterior wall of the abdoman in the right and left hypochondriac regions from vertebrae T12 to L3, the right is usually lower than the left due to the right lobe of the liver
How are the kidneys separated from the ribs?
The kidneys are separated from the ribs by the diaphragm
What do the kidneys do?
The kidneys filter the blood to produce urine that travels to the bladder via the muscular ureters
What is the relationship between the lungs and kidneys?
Although the kidneys and lungs are separated by the dome of the diaphragm, the top of the kidneys is level with the inferior plural border
Where are the adrenal glands located? What else can they be called?
Also known as the suprarenal glands, the adrenal glands are located on the superior aspect of each kidney
What do the adrenal glands do?
The adrenal glands are concerned with production of many of the bodies chemical messengers including adrenaline and steroid hormones
Which hormones are secreted from the adrenal cortex?
Cortisol (glucocorticoid), Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid), Sex hormones (gonadocorticoids)
Which hormones are secreted from the adrenal medulla?
Adrenaline (epinephrine), Noradrenaline (norephinephrine)
Where is the bladder located?
The bladder is located below the suprapubic region in the lesser pelvis, deep to the pubic bone
What happens as the bladder fills?
As the bladder is filled from the ureters it extends superiorly into the greater pelvis, the full bladder may extend superiorly as far as the umbilicus
What happens when the bladder empties?
On emptying, the bladder contracts and expels urine through the urethra
