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CMB2007 - Anatomy > Topic 2 - The Peripheral Nervous System > Flashcards

Topic 2 - The Peripheral Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintenance of a constant, balances environment within the body

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2
Q

What are ganglia?

A

The plural of ganglion, in the PNS they are groups or knots of cell bodies

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3
Q

What are the two main sections of the nervous system?

A

The Central Nervous System (CNS), The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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4
Q

What is the CNS made up of?

A

The brain and spinal chord

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5
Q

What is the PNS made up of?

A

All the neurones carrying information to and from the CNS

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6
Q

What are affecter neurones?

A

They carry information to the CNS

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7
Q

What are effector neurones?

A

They carry information away from the CNS

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8
Q

What are the two divisions of the PNS?

A

The autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system

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9
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

The sympathetic and parasympathetic

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10
Q

What is a neurone?

A

The basic structural and functional unit of the nervous system

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11
Q

What are the 3 parts of the neurone?

A

The axon, the cell body and the dendrites

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12
Q

How is information relayed along a neurone?

A

Information is relayed electrically along axons and dendrites through the movement of ions

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13
Q

What does the axon do?

A

The axon carries information away from the cell body, axons of one neurone connect with the dendrites of other neurones, or with other cells at synapses

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14
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

Dendrites carry information to the cell body (Detect)

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15
Q

What does the spinal cord consist of?

A

The spinal cord consists of ascending and descending neurones that carry information to and from the brain

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16
Q

What protects the spinal cord?

A

The spinal cord is protected by the vertebrae, it runs through a canal created by tunnels in each vertebrae (the vertebral canal)

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17
Q

What is the difference between a child and adult spine?

A

In children the end of the spinal cord is level with the L3 vertebrae, the vertebral column grows faster than the spinal cord into adulthood where the spinal cord ends level with L1

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18
Q

What is the tunnel called running through the vertebrae?

A

The vertebral foreman

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19
Q

What happens when the vertebrae are stacked?

A

When the vertebrae are stacked on top of each other to form the spine, the foreman form the vertebral canal that runs the whole length of the vertebral column

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20
Q

What is the outer section of the spinal cord formed of?

A

The outer section of the spinal cord is formed of white matter

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21
Q

What does white matter consist of?

A

The white matter consists of axons of neurones that form ascending or descending pathways

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22
Q

What is the inner section of the spinal cord formed of?

A

The inner section of the spinal cord is formed from grey matter

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23
Q

What does grey matter consist of?

A

Grey matter is where cell bodies of neurones are located and is where synapses occur between these cell bodies, their dendrites and axons of other neurones

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24
Q

Where do nerves from the body enter the spinal cord?

A

The nerves from the body enter through the dorsal roots (dorsal horn)

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25
Q

Where do nerves from the spinal cord exit?

A

The nerves exit the spinal cord through the ventral root (ventral horn)

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26
Q

What runs through the lateral column?

A

Descending motor tracts from the cerebral cortex mostly run in the lateral corticospinal tract

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27
Q

What runs through the dorsal column?

A

Sensory neurones carrying fine touch and proprioception from the limbs run in the dorsal columns

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28
Q

What runs through the ventral horn?

A

Sensory neurones carrying pain and temperature fibres run separately in the anterolateral fasciculus (aka spinothalamic tract)

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29
Q

LEARN DIAGRAM OF ASCENDING AND DESCENDING TRACTS

A

NOTES

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30
Q

Where do autonomic nerves run?

A

Autonomic nerves don’t run within the spinal cord but alongside it in a collection of ganglia

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31
Q

What does the PNS do?

A

The peripheral nervous system exists to carry information to and from the CNS

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32
Q

What are nerves called that travel to the CNS?

A

Afferent nerves travel to the CNS

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33
Q

What are nerves called that travel away from the CNS?

A

Efferent nerves travel away from the CNS

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34
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system and what does it do?

A

The autonomic nervous system is the ‘subconscious’ control of our bodies, generally innervating smooth muscle of tissues or glands, it is involved with actions such as temperature control (via sweating and vasomotor), continence (control bowel and bladder movements), secretions and gastric motility

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35
Q

Where do autonomic neurones arise from?

A

Autonomic neurones arise from the spinal cord and directly from the brain

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36
Q

Where are autonomic ganglia found?

A

Autonomic ganglia our found outside the spinal cord where there axons synapse (pre and post-ganglionic neurones)

37
Q

What does the sympathetic system do?

A

The sympathetic system prepares the body for intense physical activity

38
Q

What does the parasympathetic system do?

A

The parasympathetic system relaxes the body and inhibits high energy functions

39
Q

What are the effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic system on the salivary glands?

A

Sympathetic - Small amounts of viscous saliva produced

Parasympathetic - Large amounts of water saliva produced

40
Q

What are the effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic system on the cardiac muscle?

A

Sympathetic - Increased heart rate and force of contraction

Parasympathetic - Decreased heart rate and force of contraction

41
Q

What are the effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic system on the pupil sphincter?

A

Sympathetic - Dilation

Parasympathetic - Constriction

42
Q

What are the effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic system on the lungs and airways?

A

Sympathetic - Relaxation of smooth muscle

Parasympathetic - Contraction of smooth muscle

43
Q

What are the effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic system on the liver?

A

Sympathetic - Conversion of glycogen to glucose

Parasympathetic - None

44
Q

What are the effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic system on the peripheral blood vessels?

A

Sympathetic - Vasoconstriction

Parasympathetic - None

45
Q

What are the effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic system on the stomach?

A

Sympathetic - Reduced peristalsis

Parasympathetic - Increased motility and gastric secretions

46
Q

What are the effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic system on the small intestine?

A

Sympathetic - Decreased motility

Parasympathetic - Increased digestion

47
Q

What are the effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic system on the large intestine?

A

Sympathetic - Decreased motility

Parasympathetic - Increase in secretions and motility

48
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system initiate?

A

The sympathetic nervous system initiates the ‘fight or flight’ response, it stimulates the body’s system to prepare the body for physical exertion when the body is placed under physical or psychological stress

49
Q

Where are sympathetic cell bodies found?

A

Sympathetic cell bodies are present in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord segments and connect to a paravertebral ganglion chain or individual ganglia that are still quite distant from the target organ

50
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system innervate?

A

The sympathetic nervous system innervates the heart, blood vessels, sweat glands, viscera (the internal organs in main cavities of the body) and adrenal medulla

51
Q

Where do parasympathetic neurones arise?

A

Parasympathetic neurones arise from the cranial nerves or from the lumbo-sacral spinal cord

52
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system stimulate?

A

The parasympathetic nervous system stimulates ‘rest and digest’, actions that increase the rate of digestion and reduce the body’s readiness for physical exertion

53
Q

How are parasympathetic ganglia organised?

A

Parasympathetic ganglia are not grouped together in a chain, and they are located close to the target organ

54
Q

What is the somatic nervous system responsible for?

A

The somatic nervous system is responsible for conscious control of our bodies and the corresponding feedback and associated sensory functions

55
Q

What do somatic sensory afferent nerves detect?

A

Somatic sensory nerves (afferent) detect pain, temperature, touch and proprioception

56
Q

Where is the origin of nerve signals initiating movement?

A

Brain - Precentral gyrus

57
Q

What is the mediator of messages form brain to skeletal muscles?

A

Corticospinal tract

58
Q

What carries the command to contract muscles?

A

Axon

59
Q

Where does the messenger axon cell tell the muscle cell to contract?

A

At the neuromuscular junction

60
Q

What do somatic neurones NOT do once they have left the CNS?

A

Somatic neurones do not synapse once they have let the CNS, they project directly to their target cells via a single neurone

61
Q

What are the two types of somatic nerve?

A

Spinal nerves that arise from the spinal cord, and Cranial nerves that arise directly from the brain

62
Q

What are spinal nerves?

A

Spinal nerves are the peripheral nerves that carry axons of neurones of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems to and from the spinal cord

63
Q

What do spinal roots do?

A

Spinal roots leave the spinal cord below each vertebrae (T1, T2 etc)
Except in the cervical region where they exit superior to the vertebrae and C7 has one above (C7 nerve) and below (C8 nerve)

64
Q

How many spinals roots are there?

A

31, there is an additional root from the coccyx

65
Q

Why are cervical spinal roots different to other spinal roots?

A

In the cervical region spinal nerves exit superior to the vertebrae and are numbered according to that vertebrae, in all other regions the spinal nerves arise inferior to the vertebrae with which they share a number, the exception to this is the spinal nerve C8, there is no vertebrae C8, this nerve arises inferior to the vertebrae C7 and superior to to T1

66
Q

Where are dorsal and ventral roots present?

A

Dorsal and ventral roots are present at each segment and vertebral level (plus one at C8)

67
Q

What are dorsal roots usually? What else are dorsal roots called?

A

Posterior roots, usually afferent/sensory, carrying information form the periphery to the CNS

68
Q

What are ventral roots usually? What else are ventral roots called?

A

Anterior roots, usually efferent/motor, carrying information from the CNS to the periphery in somatic and autonomic neurones

69
Q

What is a plexus?

A

A plexus literally means a network or tangle

70
Q

What is the lumbar plexus made up of?

A

The lumbar plexus is made up of spinal nervous arising form the spinal cord below vertebrae T12-L5

71
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

A dermatome is an area of skin supplied by sensory afferents from one spinal nerve

72
Q

What is a myotome?

A

A myotome is a group of muscles supplied by motor afferents and sensory efferents from one spinal nerve

73
Q

What does the sciatic nerve supply?

A

The sciatic nerve supplies motor to muscles of the posterior thigh (the hamstring that act to flex the knee), and sensory afferent from the skin over the lateral side of leg and skin on sole and dorsum of foot

74
Q

What does the femoral nerve supply?

A

The femoral nerves supplies motor to muscles of anterior thigh (the quadriceps that act to extend the knee), and sensory afferent from anterior thigh and medial leg

75
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

There are 12 cranial nerves

76
Q

What do cranial nerves supply?

A

The cranial nerves supply ‘special senses’ - sight, taste, hearing, smell, balance

77
Q

What don’t cranial nerves have that spinal nerves don’t have?

A

Cranial nerves don’t have dermatomal or myotomal distribution, each cranial nerve serves different functions in the head and neck

78
Q

What is the CNI nerve?

A

Olfactory nerve, afferent from nasal mucosa, carries information related to smell

79
Q

What is the CNII nerve?

A

The optic nerve, afferent for vision from the retina

80
Q

What is the CN III nerve?

A

Oculomotor nerve, somatic division controls movement of the eye and some control of eyelid

81
Q

What is the CN IV nerve?

A

Trochlear - Somatic: motor to one muscle that moves the eye

82
Q

What is the CN V nerve?

A

Trigeminal - Somatic: afferent from surface of face - senses touch from skin of face and cornea, motor effector to muscles of mastication

83
Q

What is the CN VI nerve?

A

Abducent - Somatic: motor efferent to one muscle of the eye

84
Q

What is the CN VII nerve?

A

Facial nerve - taste from anterior tongue and palate, somatic division: facial expression, autonomic: secrete saliva

85
Q

What is the CN VIII nerve?

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve - hearing from cochlea of ear, balance from vestibular apparatus of ear

86
Q

What is the CN IX nerve?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve - taste from posterior tongue, help swallowing, sensation from external ear, sensation from carotid body and sinus

87
Q

What is the CN X nerve?

A

Vagus nerve - motor muscles of pharynx, larynx and palate, parasympathetic innervation of smooth muscle in trachea, bronchi, GI tract and cardiac muscle, sensation from GI tract, heart and airways

88
Q

What is the CN XI nerve?

A

Accessory nerve - motor to soft palate pharynx and to two big muscles in the neck

89
Q

What is the CN XII nerve?

A

Hypoglossal nerve - motor to the muscle of the tongue

CMB2007 - Anatomy (5 decks)

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