TOPIC 3 - Sensory and Perceptual Development Flashcards
is the interpretation of what is sensed.
Perception
occurs when waves of pulsating air are collected by the outer ear and transmitted through the bones of the inner ear to the auditory nerve.
sensation of hearing
occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors-the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin.
Sensation
For the past several decades, much of the research on perceptual development in infancy has been guided by the ____
ecological view of Eleanor and James J. Gibson
They argue that we do not have to take bits and pieces of data from _____ and build up representations of the world in our minds. Instead, our _____ can select from the rich information that the environment itself provides.
sensations
perceptual system
According to the _____ we directly perceive information that exists in the world around us. This view is called ecological “because it connects perceptual capabilities to information available in the world of the perceiver”
Gibsons’ ecological view
“because it connects perceptual capabilities to information available in the world of the perceiver”
ecological
____ brings us into contact with the _____ so we can interact with and adapt to it
perception
environment
In the Gibsons’ view, objects have _____, which are opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities to perform activities.
affordances
By 6 months of age, though, on average vision is ____
20/40
object 20 feet away is only as clear to the newborn as it would be if it were _____ away from an adult with normal vision
240 feet
The newborn’s vision is estimated to be ____ on the well-known _____ used for eye examinations, which means that a newborn can see at 20 feet what an adult with normal vision can see at 240 feet
20/240
Snellen chart
are possibly the most important visual stimuli in children’s social environment, and it is important that they extract key information from others’ faces
Faces
Research shows that within hours after infants are born, they prefer to look at ____ rather than other _____ and to look at _______ more than at _____ ones
faces
objects
attractive faces
unattractive
By _____ of age, they have color preferences that mirror adults’ in some cases, preferring _____ colors such as ____
4 months
saturated
royal blue over pale blue
is also necessary for color vision to develop normally
Experience
in which sensory stimulation is changing but perception of the physical world remains constant.
perceptual constancy
Two types of perceptual constancy
size constancy
shape constancy
The recognition that an object’s shape remains the same even though its orientation to the observer changes.
Shape constancy
The recognition that an object remains the same even though the retinal image of the object changes as the observer moves toward or away from the object.
Size constancy
In the ______ of postnatal development, infants don’t perceive occluded objects as complete; instead, they perceive only what is visible
first two months
first two months of postnatal development, infants don’t perceive occluded objects as _____; instead, they perceive only what is _____
complete
visible
Beginning at about _____ of age, infants develop the ability to perceive that occluded objects are whole
2 months
Beginning at about 2 months of age, infants develop the ability to perceive that occluded objects are ____
whole
Infants develop the ability to track briefly occluded moving objects at about _____ months of age
3 to 5
play key roles in the development of perceptual completion in young infants.
learning
experience
self-directed exploration via eye movements
constructed miniature cliff with a drop-off covered by glass in their laboratory.
Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk
Most infants would not crawl out on the glass, choosing instead to remain on the shallow side,
Depth Perception
Immediately after birth, infants cannot hear soft sounds quite as well as adults can; a stimulus must be louder to be heard by a newborn than by an adult (Trehub & others, 1991).
Loudness
By _____ months of age, infants’ perception of sounds improves, although some aspects of loudness perception do not reach adult levels until _____ years of age
three
5 to 10
Involve in hearing perception
Loudness
Pitch
Localization
is the perception of the frequency of a sound. Infants are less sensitive to _____ sounds and are more likely to hear _____ sounds
Pitch
low-pitched
high-pitched
Even newborns can determine the general location from which a sound is coming, but by 6 months of age, they are more proficient at localizing sounds or detecting their origins. Their ability to localize sounds continues to improve during the second year
Localization
Even newborns can determine the general location from which a sound is coming, but _____ of age, they are more proficient at localizing sounds or detecting their origins. Their ability to localize sounds continues to improve during the ____
by 6 months
second year
by 6 months of age, they are more proficient at ______or detecting their origins. Their ability to localize sounds continues to improve during the second year
localizing sounds
A touch to the _____ produces a turning of the _____; a touch to the _____ produces ____ movements
cheek
head
lips
sucking
consist of areas located in the thalamus, somatosensory cortex, and amygdala
pain matrix brain regions
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of adults have found that there is a complex brain activity network that underlies pain, which is called the _____
“pain matrix”
Newborns can differentiate odors
Smell.
____ they did not show this preference, indicating that they require several days of experience to recognize this odor.
2 days old
_____ infants who were breast fed showed a clear preference for smelling their mother’s breast pad rather than a clean breast pad
6-day-old
Sensitivity to taste is present even before birth
Taste
At about _____, infants begin to prefer salty tastes, which as newborns they had found to be ____ (Doty & Shah, 2008).
4 months of age
aversive
In one study, even at only _____ of age, babies made different facial expressions when they tasted sweet, sour, and bitter solutions
2 hours
The ability to relate and integrate information from two or more sensory modalities, such as vision and hearing
Intermodal perception
Most perception is ____
intermodal
In the ______, infants have difficulty connecting sensory input from different modes, but in the ______ they show an increased ability to make this connection mentally
first six months
second half of the first year
nature proponents are referred to as _____ and those who emphasize learning and experience are called _____
nativists
empiricists
However, as infants develop, ______refine or calibrate many perceptual functions, and they may be the driving force behind some functions
environmental experiences (nurture)
Much of very early perception develops from _____ foundations, and the basic foundation of many perceptual abilities can be detected in newborns
innate (nature)
is not passively accomplished; rather, the infant actively develops a skill to achieve a goal within the constraints
New perceptual- motor coupling
occurs as rays of light contact the eyes, become focused on the retina, and are transmitted by the optic nerve to the visual centers of the brain.
sensation of vision
