TOPIC 2 - BIRTH Flashcards
process occurs in stages, takes place in different contexts, and in most cases involves one or more attendants
birth
The birth process occurs in three stages.
The first stage
The second birth stage
Afterbirth is the third stage
is the longest of the three.
The first stage
Uterine contractions are 15 to 20 minutes apart at the beginning and last up to a minute. These contractions cause the woman’s cervix to stretch and open.
The first stage
For a woman having her first child, the first stage lasts an average of _____; for subsequent children, this stage typically is much shorter.
6 to 12 hours
As the first stage progresses, the contractions come closer together, appearing every _____ minutes.
two to five
By the end of the first birth stage, contractions dilate the cervix to an opening of about ______, so that the baby can move from the uterus to the birth canal.
10 centimeters (4 inches)
begins when the baby’s head starts to move through the cervix and the birth canal.
second birth stage
is a hormone that promotes uterine contractions
Oxytocin
This stage typically lasts approximately 45 minutes to an hour.
The second birth stage
which time the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled.
Afterbirth is the third stage
is the shortest of the three birth stages, lasting only minutes
Afterbirth is the third stage
In 2015 in the United States, _____ percent of births took place in hospitals
98.5
Of the ____ of births occurring outside of a hospital, ____ took place in homes and almost _____ in free-standing birthing centers
1.5 percent
63 percent
31 percent
The percentage of U.S. births at home is the highest since reporting of this context began in ____
1989
is a profession that provides health care to women during pregnancy, birth, and the postpartum period
Midwifery
also may give women information about reproductive health and annual gynecological examinations. They may refer women to general practitioners or obstetricians if a pregnant woman needs medical care beyond a midwife’s expertise and skill
Midwives
is a caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth
doulas
Many women chose to reduce the pain of childbirth through techniques known as ____
natural childbirth
prepared childbirth.
Doula is a Greek word that means ___
a woman who helps.
Three basic kinds of drugs that are used for labor are _____
analgesia
anesthesia
oxytocin/Pitocin.
used to relieve pain.
Analgesia
Analgesics include:
tranquilizers
barbiturates
narcotics
is used in late first-stage labor and during delivery to block sensation in an area of the body or to block consciousness.
Anesthesia
which involves husbands as coaches, relaxation for easier birth, and prenatal nutrition and exercise.
Bradley Method
The baby is removed from the mother’s uterus through an incision made in her abdomen.
cesarean delivery
Cesarean deliveries are performed if the baby is lying ____ in the uterus, if the baby’s head is too ___ to pass through the mother’s pelvis, if the baby develops ____, or if the mother is bleeding _____.
crosswise
large
complications
vaginally
Is the method that aims to reduce the mother’s pain by decreasing her fear by providing information about childbirth and teaching her and her partner to use breathing methods and relaxation techniques during delivery
Natural childbirth
The most common reasons why physicians do a cesarean delivery are ____
failure to progress through labor and fetal distress.
developed a method similar to natural childbirth that is known as prepared childbirth, or the Lamaze method.
Ferdinand Lamaze
It includes a special breathing technique to control pushing in the final stages of labor, as well as more detailed education about anatomy and physiology. The pregnant woman’s partner usually serves as a coach who attends childbirth classes with her and helps with her breathing and relaxation during delivery.
Prepared childbirth or Lamaze childbirth
is widely used to assess the health of newborns at one and five minutes after birth.
Apgar Scale
evaluates an infant’s heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability.
Apgar Scale
A total score of 7 to 10 indicates that the newborn’s condition is _____.
good
indicates there may be developmental difficulties.
A score of 5
signals an emergency and indicates that the baby might not survive.
A score of 3 or below
An obstetrician or a nurse does the evaluation and gives the newborn a score, or reading, of 0, 1, or 2 on each of these five health signs.
T or F
True
is especially good at assessing the newborn’s ability to cope with the stress of delivery and the demands of a new environment (London & others, 2017). It also identifies high-risk infants who need resuscitation
Apgar Scale
which is typically performed within 24 to 36 hours after birth.
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)
It is also used as a sensitive index of neurological competence up to one month after birth for typical infants and as a measure in many studies of infant development
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS),
provides another assessment of the newborn’s behavior, neurological and stress responses, and regulatory capacities
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS)
Three related conditions pose threats to many newborns:
low birth weight infants
Preterm infants
Small for date infants
are those born three weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached its full term-in other words, before the completion of 37 weeks of gestation (the time between fertilization and birth).
Preterm infants
weigh less than 5 pounds 8 ounces at birth.
Low birth weight infants
(also called small for gestational age infants) are those whose birth weight is below normal when the length of the pregnancy is considered. They weigh less than 90 percent of babies of the same gestational age. Small for date infants may be preterm or full term. One study found that small for date infants had more than a fourfold increased risk of death
Small for date infants
infants are those born at less than 28 weeks gestation,
Extremely preterm
are those born at less than 33 weeks of gestational age.
very preterm infants
Two increasingly used interventions in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are ____
kangaroo care
massage therapy
involves skin-to-skin contact in which the baby, wearing only a diaper, is held upright against the parent’s bare chest, much as a baby kangaroo is carried by its mother
Kangaroo care
is typically practiced for two to three hours per day, skin- to-skin over an extended time in early infancy. It can help to stabilize the preterm infant’s heartbeat, temperature, and breathing
Kangaroo care
improved the scores of HIV-exposed infants on both physical and mental scales, while also improving their hearing and speech
massage therapy
were equally effective in improving body weight and reducing length of hospital stay for low birth weight infants
kangaroo care and massage therapy
does the evaluation and gives the newborn a score, or reading, of 0, 1, or 2 on each of these five health signs.
obstetrician/nurse
weight newborns weigh less than 3 pounds 4 ounces
Very low birth
weight newborns weigh less than 2 pounds.
extremely low birth
