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ORAL PHYSIOLOGY > Topic 3 (Saliva) > Flashcards

Topic 3 (Saliva) Flashcards

1
Q

is defined as “a clear, tasteless, odourless, slightly alkaline, viscous fluid, consisting of the secretion from the parotid, submandibular and sublingual salivary glands and the mucous glands of the oral cavity.

A

Saliva

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2
Q

forms a film of fluid coating the teeth and mucosa thereby creating and regulating a healthy environment in the oral cavity.

A

Saliva

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3
Q

When referring to the fluid normally present in the mouth, the term ____ is commonly used

A

whole saliva

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4
Q

which is that flowing from the individual glands

A

duct saliva

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5
Q

Total amount/volume/daily secretion:

A

500 to 1,500 ml

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6
Q

A large proportion of this volume is secreted at ____, when the secretory rate is highest.

A

meal time

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7
Q

slightly cloudy and viscous, due to presence of cells and mucin.

A

Consistency of saliva

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8
Q

slightly cloudy and viscous, due to presence of ____ and ____.

A

cells and mucin

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9
Q

usually slightly acidic

A

pH of saliva

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10
Q

Saliva ph is

A

pH 6.35 - 6.85

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11
Q

Specific gravity

A

1.002 - 1.012

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12
Q

Freezing point

A

0.07 - 0.34°C

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13
Q

Saliva is usually ____ but
approaches isotonicity when flow rates are high

A

hypotonic

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14
Q

Saliva approaches ____ when flow rates are high

A

isotonicity

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15
Q

Unstimulated (Whole Saliva)

A

0.3 - 0.4 ml/min

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16
Q

Unstimulated (Parotid Gland Saliva)

A

0.04

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17
Q

Unstimulated (Submandibular & Sublingual Gland)

A

0.1

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18
Q

Stimulated (Whole Saliva)

A

2.0 - 5.0 ml/min

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19
Q

Stimulated (Parotid Gland Saliva)

A

1.0 - 2.0

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20
Q

Stimulated (Submandibular & Sublingual Gland)

A

0.8

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21
Q

it is absent in saliva

A

glucose

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22
Q

Glucose is found in saliva during ____

A

Diabetes Mallitus

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23
Q

How much water does saliva has?

A

99%

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24
Q

How much solids does saliva has?

A

0.5%

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25
Q

What are the factors affecting composition of saliva:

A
  • Time of the say
  • source of secretion
  • pathology
  • flow rate
  • differential gland contribution
  • circadian rhythm
  • nature of stimuli
  • diet & hydration
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26
Q

Give the Functions of Saliva:

A
  • Preparation of food for swallowing
  • Appreciation of taste
  • Digestive function
  • Cleansing and protective function
  • Role in speech
  • Lubrication and protection
  • Buffering and clearance
  • Maintenance of tooth integrity
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27
Q

to produce fluid

A

Acinar cells

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28
Q

Acinar cells: ____, ____ and ____ along with ____ to preserve neutrality

A

K, Na and HCO3 ions along will Cl

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29
Q

Isotonic

A

Primary Secretion

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30
Q

rich blood supply

A

Ductal Cells

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31
Q

Reabsorption of Na ions

A

Duct Cells

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32
Q

Secretion of HCO3 and K ions

A

Duct Cells

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33
Q

Hypotonic

A

Final Salivary Secretion

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34
Q

saliva is a ____ secretion of salivary glands

A

hypo-osmotic

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35
Q

Since saliva is a hypo-osmotic secretion of salivary glands. Hence, metabolic activity i.e. oxygen consumption is increased by ____ during secretory activity as compared to that at rest

A

5 folds

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36
Q

At rest, Saliva contains:
more -
less -
compared to plasma

A

more K ions
less of Na, Cl and Bicarbonate ions

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37
Q

as salivary flow increases, there is less time for ion exchange in the ducts, the result being less ____ and more ____ resembling primary secretion

A

less hypotonic and more isotonic

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38
Q

increases the K concentration and decreases the Na concentration of saliva

A

Aldosterone

39
Q

What concentration of saliva does aldosterone increases?

A

K (Potassium) concentration

40
Q

What concentration of saliva does aldosterone decreases?

A

Na (Sodium) concentration

41
Q

a high salivary Na/K ratio is seen when aldosterone is ____.

42
Q

Watery saliva

A

Stimulation of Parasympathetic Nerves

43
Q

Liberates Kallikrein from the gland cells which acts on plasma globulins to form bradykinin

A

Stimulation of Parasympathetic Nerves

44
Q

are a group of serine proteases that are found in diverse tissues and biological fluids

A

Liberates Kallikrein

45
Q

Effect mediated by relach of Ach

A

Stimulation of Parasympathetic Nerves

46
Q

Also casuses release of Vasoactive Intestinal
Polypeptide

A

Stimulation of Parasympathetic Nerves

47
Q

Vasodilation in salivary glands

A

Stimulation of Parasympathetic Nerves

48
Q

Increased secretion from the acini

A

Stimulation of Parasympathetic Nerves

49
Q

Thick & mucus saliva

A

Stimulation of Sympathetic Nerves

50
Q

Shorter & less strong

A

Stimulation of Sympathetic Nerves

51
Q

Probably synergistic action

A

Stimulation of Sympathetic Nerves

52
Q

Effect mediated by release of noradrenaline

A

Stimulation of Sympathetic Nerves

53
Q

Causes vasoconstriction: secretion of small amounts of saliva rich in organic constituents and mucus from submandibular & sublingual glands

A

Stimulation of Sympathetic Nerves

54
Q

Salivary Secretion Increases Either By:

A
  • Taste of food within 20-30 seconds (innate reflex)
  • By sight, smell, or thought of food (conditioned
    reflex)
55
Q

Taste of food within ____

A

20-30 seconds

56
Q

Taste of food within 20-30 seconds

A. Innate Reflex
B. Conditioned Reflex

A

A. Innate Reflex

57
Q

By sight, smell, or thought of food

A. Innate Reflex
B. Conditioned Reflex

A

B. Conditioned Reflex

58
Q

Give the Factors Altering Salivary Flow:

A
  • Unstimulated - Submandibular
  • Stimulated - Parotid
  • Acidic Food - Maximum Stimulation
  • Sweet Food - Least Stimulation
59
Q

Sympathomimetic drugs: adrenaline, ephedrine

A. Increase Salivary Secretion
B. Decrease Salivary Secretion

A

A. Increase Salivary Secretion

60
Q

Parasympathomimetic drugs: acetylcholine.
muscarine, physostigmine

A. Increase Salivary Secretion
B. Decrease Salivary Secretion

A

A. Increase Salivary Secretion

61
Q

Histamine stimulates the salivary secretion

A. Increase Salivary Secretion
B. Decrease Salivary Secretion

A

A. Increase Salivary Secretion

62
Q

Sympathetic depressants: ergotamine, dipheniramine

A. Increase Salivary Secretion
B. Decrease Salivary Secretion

A

B. Decrease Salivary Secretion

63
Q

Parasympathetic depressants: atropine, scopolamine

A. Increase Salivary Secretion
B. Decrease Salivary Secretion

A

B. Decrease Salivary Secretion

64
Q

Anesthetics: chloroform, ether increase secretion of saliva, however deep anesthesia decrease secretion due to central inhibition

A. Increase Salivary Secretion
B. Decrease Salivary Secretion

A

B. Decrease Salivary Secretion

65
Q

Excess secretion of saliva

A

Hypersalivation

66
Q

Physiological condition - Pregnancy

A

Hypersalivation

67
Q

Pathological hypersalivation is called ____

A
  • Ptyalism
  • Sialorrhoea
  • Sialism
  • Sialosis
68
Q

Tooth decay or neoplasm of mouth or tongue

A

Hypersalivation

69
Q

Disease of esophagus, stomach or intestine

A

Hypersalivation

70
Q

Neurological disorders like cerebral palsy and mental retardation

A

Hypersalivation

70
Q

Cerebral Stroke

A

Hypersalivation

71
Q

Parkinsonism

A

Hypersalivation

72
Q

Nausea and vomiting

A

Hypersalivation

73
Q

Reduction in salivary secretion

A

Hyposalivation

74
Q

What are the two types of Hyposalivation:

A
  • Temporary
  • Permanent
75
Q

Emotional conditions like fear, Fever, or Dehydration

A

Temporary Hyposalivation

76
Q

sialolithiasis, congenital absence or hypoplasia of salivary glands, bell’s palsy

A

Permanent Hyposalivation

77
Q

Dry mouth/Pasties/Cottonmouth

A

Xerostomia

78
Q

Due to hyposalivation or aptyalism

A

Xerostomia

79
Q

Give the causes of xerostomia:

A
  1. Dehydration due to Renal failure
  2. Sjogren’s syndrome
  3. Post Radiotherapy
  4. Trauma to gland or ducts
  5. Side effect of some drugs
  6. Shock
  7. After smoking marijuana
80
Q

Uncontrolled flow of saliva with inability to retain saliva in the mouth

81
Q

Drooling occurs in:

A
  1. During teeth eruption in children
  2. Upper respiratory tract infection or nasal allergies in children
  3. Dysphagia
  4. Tonsillitis
  5. Peritonsillar abscess
82
Q

Why is saliva a diagnostic tool?

A

Because it is..

  • Non-invasive
  • Limited training
  • No costly equipment for collection
  • Cost effective
  • Eliminates the risk of infection
  • Easy, No pain, No needle prick
  • Fast
83
Q

Give the methods of collecting saliva:

A
  • Draining Method
  • Suction Method
  • Spitting Method
  • Absorbent Method
84
Q

funnel placed near lip and patient asked to expectorate saliva into the funnel to collect in a pre-weighed test tube.

A

Draining Method

85
Q

saliva is aspirated into a pre-weighed container using a saliva ejector.

A

Suction Method

86
Q

saliva allowed to accumulate in the floor of the mouth and then spit into a pre-weighed tube. For stimulated saliva patient is asked to chew on paraffin.

A

Spitting Method

87
Q

For stimulated saliva patient is asked to chew on ____.

88
Q

preweighed swab, cotton roll. gauze sponge.

A

Absorbent Method

89
Q

Give the General Rules Common to all Salivary Gland:

A
  1. Autonomic nerves control its flow.
  2. Osmotic pressure (tonicity) exerted by saliva is
    lower than serum.
  3. Tonicity increases as flow rate of saliva increases.
  4. Saliva contains potassium ions 2 to 10 times the
    concentration of serum potassium.
  5. Saliva in many animals contains a high level of the
    digestive amylase and other macromolecules.
90
Q

During ____ Salivary flow is almost zero, thus it is very important to clean the mouth before sleep to remove substances which can be fermented = caries formation

A

During Sleep

91
Q

Decrease flow of saliva buffering effect = increase caries.

A

During Sleep

92
Q

Decrease flow of saliva buffering effect =

A

increase caries

ORAL PHYSIOLOGY (10 decks)

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