Top 13 (Anatomy & Physiology of Speech Productions) Flashcards
There are multiple points of clinical intersection among the fields of dentistry and speech.
Phonation & Vocal Tract Modulations
What are the managements of the following disorders (Phonation & Vocal Tract Modulations)
- Articulation
- Resonance
- Swelling
- Speech
- Supplementation of dysarthric speech
Making of sound.
Articulation
The voice quality of the result from the sound made.
Resonance
It is caused by congenital cleft of the lip and palate.
Swelling
It is due to morphologic variations in the facial skeleton and its oral tissue.
Speech Disorder
It occurs when the muscle you use is weak.
Supplementation of Dysarthria Speech
Resulting from neuromuscular dysfunction
Supplementation of Dysarthria Speech
Adaptive technology: palatal lifts or obturators
Neuromuscular Dysfunction
Consider oral health initiatives in patients living in long term facilities who have:
- Speech and swallowing difficulties
- Feeding problem in newborn babies with
dentofacial disorders due to fetal alcohol syndrome
____ and ____ cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy are at risk for dental difficulties.
Head and neck
Head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy are at risk for dental difficulties.
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
Patients should NOT see their dentist before starting head and neck radiation therapy.
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
Patients should see their dentist before starting head and neck radiation therapy.
The DENTAL PROFESSIONALS needs knowledge of:
- Speech production patterns
- Swallowing dynamics
- Understanding the nueral basis of language
comprehension and production
It is the professional with specialized training who works on rehabilitation of disordered speech and swallowing.
Speech Pathologist
A speech pathologist is the professional with specialized training who works on ____.
Rehabilitation of Disordered Speech and Swallowing.
Normal speech production is a highly regulated process requiring interchange among:
- Pulmonary
- Laryngeal
- Vocal tract structures of the human body
Speech production mechanism depends on the:
- Respiratory system
- A laryngeal vibration
- A functioning set of resonating cavities
- Rapid movement of coarticulating organs or
articulators
What are the functioning set of resonating cavities:
- Larynx
- Pharynx
- Oral cavity
- Nasal cavity
What are the rapid movement of coarticulating organs or articulators:
- Tongue
- Lips
-Teeth - Alveolar ridge
- Hard palate
- Velum
- Pharynx
What are any change that affects:
- Size
- Shape
- Movement
- Timing of these organa will alter the acoustic output
Subsequent Alteration =
Speech variation or disorder
Try gently lifting your voice box while saying /ah/ and notice he change in the sound you hear. This change in sound, a ____.
perceived elevation of pitch
It is actually the result of shortening of the vocal tract and not a change in the vibrating frequency of the vocal folds.
perceived elevation of pitch
What are included in Phonation:
- Larynx
- Vocal cords
- Glottis
- Vocal Folds
- Arytenoid cartilages
It is when human sound first initiated
Larynx
2 paired thyroarytenoid muscles obstruct the airflow generated upwards from the lungs.
Vocal cords
It is made of muscle and ligament.
Vocal cords
It is covered with mucosa.
Vocal cords
It stretches from the front of the larynx.
Vocal cords
It is the space between the vocal cords.
Glottis
peak of glottal area is usually between ____ and ____ during voicing for adults.
0.05 and 0.2 cm2
13-18 mm long (females)
17-23 mm long (males)
Vocal Folds
How long is the vocal folds of the females?
13-18 mm long
How long is the vocal folds of the males?
17-23 mm long
It is attached posteriorly to 2 arytenoid
cartilages which sit atop the cricoid cartilages.
Vocal Folds
At puberty the adolescent male’s vocal folds grow rapidly in ____ and ____.
length and mass.
During adolescence, male vocal folds double in length and pitch drops by ____.
one octave
At puberty the adolescent male’s vocal folds grow rapidly in length and mass. During adolescence, male vocal folds double in length and pitch drops by one octave. The adolescent male’s voice may exhibit ____ during this rapid.
pitch breaks
It moves in a complex pattern.
Arytenoid Cartilages
Arytenoid Cartilages move in a complex pattern like:
- Simplistically
- Rocking
- Rotating
- Sliding
With neural input it change it’s position to cause the vocal folds to:
- Adduct
- Abduct
means close
Adduct
means open
abduct
It is attached anteriorly to a fixed point on
the thyroid cartilage.
Vocal Folds
Size of the open glottis is accordingly controlled
by:
- Arytenoids
- Tension within the thyroarytenoid (vocal fold) muscles
Contraction of the cricothyroid muscle (moving the cricoid cartilage further away from the thyroid cartilage) stretches the vocal folds, leading to their elongation, and serving as a ____.
pitch change mechanism for voicing
It regulated the inward-outward flow of air.
Vocal Folds
Relaxed and air flows freely with minimal
hindrance with a wide glottis.
Vocal Folds
It has a wide glottis.
Vocal Folds
During voicing, what moves toward each other, causing the vocal folds to approximate or adduct and produce a partial closing of the glottis, and obstruct the airflow from the lungs?
Arytenoid Cartilages
During voicing the arytenoid cartilages move toward each other, causing the vocal folds to ____.
Approximate or Adduct
During voicing the arytenoid cartilages move toward each other, causing the vocal folds to approximate or adduct and produce a partial closing of the ____, and obstruct the airflow from the lungs.
Glottis
Tension from the ____ is added, and pressure below the adducted vocal folds increases.
thyroarytenoid muscles
The compressed air beneath the vocal folds forces them apart.
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
The vocal foldds are then brought back together by two forces:
- The elasticity of the vocal folds
- Bernoulli effect
The sound produced by the ____.
Vocal Folds
Is the result of careful and coordinated use of air
pressure produced by the ____.
respiratory system
Lung pressure during voicing is released ____.
slowly
In a clinical speech laboratory, the easiest
measurement to obtain and evaluate is the:
Measure of intraoral pressure, using a
small intraoral catheter.
Measuring the pressure in the ____, during
the production of repetitive productions provides
an indirect measure of pressure at the ____.
- oral cavity
- glottis
Abnormal findings may be indicative of a variety of issues, including:
- velopharyngeal insufficiency and poor laryngeal closure.
- or it can suggest errors in degree, timing, or location of vocal tract constrictions.
It is the duration of one cycle of vocal fold
vibration.
Fundamental Frequency/Pitch Period
Indicates that when pressure between the vocal folds drops, negative pressure is created, causing the vocal folds to become sucked inward
Bernoulli’s Effect
The entire process repeats itself for as long as the aerodynamic and muscular conditions for phonation are met
Bernoulli’s Effect
The resulting vibrations/oscillations generate quasi-periodic broad spectrum excitations (or puffs of vibrating air)
Bernoulli’s Effect
Their quality is akin to a “buzz-like” sound.
Bernoulli’s Effect
Sound generated by the larynx is referred to as the sound source and visualized in a sound spectrum
Bernoulli’s Effect
Sound generated by the larynx is referred to as the ____ and visualized in a ____.
- sound source
- sound spectrum
These excitations of air are propelled into the
vocal tract.
Bernoulli’s Effect
These excitations of air are propelled into the
____.
vocal tract
What are the vocal tract modulation:
- Vocal Tract
- Transfer Function
- Amplitude Spectrum
- Horizontal Axis
- Spectrum
The area existing from the superior surface of the vocal folds through to the lips and including coupling of the nasal passages.
Vocal Tract
Has an average length of 17cm in a male and is shorter in length for females.
Vocal Tract
Its shape is nonlinear.
Vocal Tract
It consists of a set of cavities where sounds are
resonated.
Vocal Tract
The articulators of the vocal tract include the
tongue, lips, teeth ,Alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate, and pharynx
Vocal Tract
The articulators of the vocal tract include the:
tongue, lips, teeth, Alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate, and pharynx
Consider the source as the energy of the system
being modified by the supralaryngeal vocal tract’s filter which can either suppress the energy or amplify the energy.
Vocal Tract
Consider the source as the energy of the system
being modified by the ____ which can either suppress the energy or amplify the energy.
Supralaryngeal vocal tract’s filter
For vowels, the vocal folds produce a harmonic-rich signal that falls at or near resonance peaks in the vocal tract, which then enhances or amplifies them
Vocal Tract
Any change in the acoustic output necessarily represents a change in the status of the speech organs.
Vocal Tract
This can be visualized by use of a frequency-amplitude spectrum, also called a transfer function.
Vocal Tract
Represents the acoustic response of the air in the vocal tract cavities.
Transfer Function
Where the vertical axis represents amplitude.
Amplitude Spectrum
Represents frequency, is commonly used by speech pathologists.
Horizontal Axis
The final output of the combined interaction of the source and the filter and is visualized by SPECTOGRAMS
Spectrum
Allows the investigator to surmise considerable information about speech production.
Spectograms
The frequency of a signal is drawn on the ordinate, and time is represented on the abscissa.
Spectograms
Amplitude of the signal is indicated by the darkness of the signal.
Spectograms
Besides vowels, the vocal tract is responsible for the production of consonants.
Coarticulation
Consonants can be formed from a periodic
Coarticulation
Consonants can be formed from a periodic like:
○ Glottal tone
○ An aperiodic turbulent noise
○ Or a combination of the two.
The tighter vocal tract constriction needed for the
consonants results in less radiated sound energy
than vowels.
Coarticulation
Consonants, like vowels, initiate as they transition
from the acoustic characteristics of the preceding sounds and then.
Coarticulation
What are the 2 categories of Speech Sounds:
- Plosives Sounds
- Fricative Sounds
Occur when the vocal tract is completely occluded by the articulators.
Plosives Sounds
This complete obstruction of airflow occurs in sounds such as /p/,/b/, /t/, /d/, /k/ and /g/.
Plosives Sounds
Pressure increases behind the obstruction or point of articulation in the oral cavity, and sound is subsequently emitted when the obstruction is released.
Plosives Sounds
The /p/, /t/, and /d/ are referred to as voiceless plosives, as they do not require vocal fold vibration at initiation.
Plosives Sounds
The /p/, /t/, and /d/ are referred to as____, as they do not require vocal fold vibration at initiation.
voiceless plosives
They have a more intense burst, followed by significant aspiration. The glottal pulse (for the next sound) begins thereafter.
Plosives Sounds
The timespan between the two events is referred to as voice onset time and reflects articulator- laryngeal coordination
Plosives Sounds
The timespan between the two events is referred to as ____ and reflects articulator- laryngeal coordination
voice onset time
____ (i.e., /b/, /d/ and /g/), glottal pulsing begins with the ____ itself. The spectrogram clearly illustrates the timing of these events
- Voiced plosives
- plosive
It requires a tongue constriction in the back, center, or front of the oral tract.
Fricative Sounds
Constriction using the teeth or lips is possible (i.e., an /f/or /[/as in the initial sound in “shoe”).
Fricative Sounds
The constriction separates the oral tract into front and back Cavities.
Fricative Sounds
The glottal airflow is then rushed through the narrowed port with the tongue helping to channel the air.
Fricative Sounds
The ____ is then rushed through the narrowed port with the tongue helping to channel the air.
glottal airflow
The spectrum is characterized as “noisy” because there is evidence of both noise and harmonics.
Fricative Sounds
The spectrum is characterized as ____ because there is evidence of both noise and harmonics
“noisy”
The spectrum is characterized as “noisy” because there is evidence of both ____ and ____.
noise and harmonics
What are the other sound activities:
- Nasal
- Affricates
The sound source is quasi-periodic, emanating from the vocal folds.
Nasal
The vocal tract adjusts to lower the velum, preventing large airflow through the oral cavity.
Nasal
Sound is predominantly radiated from the nostrils for the three nasals: /m/, /n/, and /n/ as in the last sound of “wrong.”
Nasal
Are consonant plosive-fricative combinations.
Affricates
This means that the sound rapidly transitions from the plosive to the fricative articulation.
Affricates
The fricative is preceded by a complete constriction of the oral cavity, formed at the same place as the plosive.
Affricates
Affricates Example:
/ts/ in “chew” and the /d3/ as in “just.
Clinical Correlations:
- Cleft Palate
- Facial Skeleton Variation
- Neurological Dysfunction
Cleft Palate:
- Incomplete Cleft Plate
- Unilateral Complete lip and palate
- Bilateral Complete lip and palate
Refers to a disorder of the central nervous system and affects this efficiently of brain processes.
Neurological dysfunction
Neurological dysfunction refers to a disorder of the central nervous system and affects this efficiently of brain processes
It includes:
○ Increased intracrnail pressure ○ Headache
○ Seizure
○ Epilepsy
