Topic 3: Periodicity Flashcards

1
Q

Effective nuclear charge

A

given by the atomic number and increases between succesive elements as protons are added to the nucleus/
- ability of an atom to attract increases with group number but remain the same down a group

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2
Q

Electron affinity

A

the energy change when 1 mole of electrons is added to one mole of gaseous atoms

X(g) + e- —> X-(g)

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3
Q

Ionization Energy

A

energy require to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms in their ground state

  • measure of attraction between nucleus and outer electrons
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4
Q

Electronegativity

A

ability of an atom/nucleus to attract electrons in a covalent bond/molecule.

  • It is an artificial scale from 0.7 to 4.0, created by combining the ionisation energy and the electron affinity of the elements.
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5
Q

Alkali

A

bases soluble in water which from a basic solution (hydroxide ions)

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6
Q

Group

A

(down) elements with the same number of valence electrons

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7
Q

Period

A

(across) The period number (n) is the outer energy level that is occupied by electrons.

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8
Q

Atomic Radii

A

half the distance between the nucleus’s of 2 bonded atoms of the same element

-atomic radii decrease along a period as the nuclear charge increases and electrons are added
to the same outer shell. The attraction between the outer electrons and nucleus increases.

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9
Q

Ionic Radii

A

: Cations are smaller than their parent atoms, as the formation of positive ions involves the loss of
the outer shell.

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10
Q

Group 1

A

S; Alkali Metals; reactive metals

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11
Q

Group 17

A

P; Halogens; reactive group of non-metals

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12
Q

Group 2

A

S; alkaline earth metals

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13
Q

Group 18

A

P; Noble gases; stable non metals

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14
Q

groups 3-12

A

D; transition metals

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15
Q

transition metals

A

The transition metals are in the large section of d-block elements in the middle of the Periodic Table from Sc
to Zn, etc. Zn is not a transition metal because it does not form ions with incomplete d sub-levels.

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16
Q

metalloid

A
  • has physical and chemical features of non metals and metals are are in the P block of the periodic table along the staircase
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17
Q

presence of inner electrons

A

reduces the attraction of nucleus to the outer electrons

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18
Q

nuclear charrge as period crosses left to right

A

one proton is added to nucleus; one electron added to calance energy shell= effective nuclear charge increases with nuclear charge as there is no change in number of inner electrons

19
Q

nuclear charge down a group

A
  • increase in nuclear charge= increase in number of inner electrons
  • remains more or less the same down a group
20
Q

IONIC radii trend

A
  • positive ions are smaller than parent ions (Na+ smaller than Na)
  • negative ions larger than parent ions (Cl- larger than Cl)
  • ionic radii decrease from Groups 1-14 fo rpositive ions (increased attraction between nucelus and electrons pulls outer shell closer to nucleus)
  • ionic radii decrease down Group 14-17 for negative ions (decrease in ionic radii due to icnrease in nuclear charge across period)
  • ionic radii decrease down a group as number of electron energy level increases
21
Q

two general trends of ionization energies

A
  • ionization energies increase across a period
    (due to increase in effective nuclear charge that causes an increase in attraction between outer electrons and nucleus; makes electrons harder to remove)
  • ionizzation energies decrease down a group
    (electron removed is from the energy level furtherest form nucleus; effective nuclear charge about the same; increased distance between electrons and nucleus reduces attraction between them)
22
Q

electron affinity trends

A
  • g17 elements have incomplete outer energy levels; high effective nuclear charge; attract electrons the most
  • g1 metals have low effective nuclear charge + attract electrons the least
23
Q

electronegativity trend

A
  • increases across period due to increase in nuclear charge (increase attraction between nucleus and bond electrons)
  • decreases down a group (bonding electrons are furthest from nucleus; reduced attraction)
24
Q

G1 Trend

A
  • melting point decreases down group (attractions decrease with distance due to delocalized outer electron and positive ion attractive forces)
  • reactivity increases down group (francium highest)
25
Q

G17 Trends

A
  • melting point increases down group (london forces increase with size)
  • reactivity decreases down group (Fluorine highest)
26
Q

melting points across period

A
  • rise with maximum at G14, then fall at minimum to g18
27
Q

Alkali metals physical properties

A
  • good conductors of electricity and heat
  • low densities
  • grey shiny surfaces
28
Q

Alkali metals chemical properties

A
  • very reactive metals

- form ionic compounds with non metals

29
Q

Noble Gases

A
  • colorless gases
  • monoatomic (exist as single atoms)
  • very reactive
  • stable octet (complete valence energy levels with 8 electrons)
30
Q

Alkali reactions with water

A

produce hydrogen and a metal hydroxide

31
Q

Halogen physical properties

A
  • colored

- show gradual change from gases, to liquid, to solids

32
Q

Halogen chemical propeties

A
  • reactive non metals
  • reactivity decreases down group
  • form ionic compounds with metals
  • form covalent compounds with other non metals
33
Q

halogen reaction with group 1 metal

A

-form ioinic halides (halogen atom gains one electron from group 1 elements to form halid ion X-)

34
Q

Displacement reaction

A

the more reactive halogen displaces the ions of the less reactive halogen form its compounds

35
Q

period 3 oxide acidity trend

A

basic —> amphoteric—> acidic

36
Q

bonding of period 3 oxides

A

giant ionic–> molecular covalent—> giant covalent
(METALLIC TO NON METALLIC CHARACTER)
- oxides become more inoicn down a group as electronegativity decreaes
-conductivity decreases across period
-oxidation state increases across period

37
Q

oxides of metals

A

ionic and basic

38
Q

oxides of non metals

A

covalent and acidic

39
Q

amphoteric oxide

A

show both acidic and basic properties

e.g. Aluminum Oxie

40
Q

Basic Oxide reaction with water

A

form alkaline solutions

form salt and a water

41
Q

Acidic Oxide reaction with water

A

form acidic solutions

form acids

42
Q

Ionic or covalent giant strutures

A

high melting point

43
Q

Molecular covalent structures

A

low melting points