Topic 3: Periodicity Flashcards
Effective nuclear charge
given by the atomic number and increases between succesive elements as protons are added to the nucleus/
- ability of an atom to attract increases with group number but remain the same down a group
Electron affinity
the energy change when 1 mole of electrons is added to one mole of gaseous atoms
X(g) + e- —> X-(g)
Ionization Energy
energy require to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms in their ground state
- measure of attraction between nucleus and outer electrons
Electronegativity
ability of an atom/nucleus to attract electrons in a covalent bond/molecule.
- It is an artificial scale from 0.7 to 4.0, created by combining the ionisation energy and the electron affinity of the elements.
Alkali
bases soluble in water which from a basic solution (hydroxide ions)
Group
(down) elements with the same number of valence electrons
Period
(across) The period number (n) is the outer energy level that is occupied by electrons.
Atomic Radii
half the distance between the nucleus’s of 2 bonded atoms of the same element
-atomic radii decrease along a period as the nuclear charge increases and electrons are added
to the same outer shell. The attraction between the outer electrons and nucleus increases.
Ionic Radii
: Cations are smaller than their parent atoms, as the formation of positive ions involves the loss of
the outer shell.
Group 1
S; Alkali Metals; reactive metals
Group 17
P; Halogens; reactive group of non-metals
Group 2
S; alkaline earth metals
Group 18
P; Noble gases; stable non metals
groups 3-12
D; transition metals
transition metals
The transition metals are in the large section of d-block elements in the middle of the Periodic Table from Sc
to Zn, etc. Zn is not a transition metal because it does not form ions with incomplete d sub-levels.
metalloid
- has physical and chemical features of non metals and metals are are in the P block of the periodic table along the staircase
presence of inner electrons
reduces the attraction of nucleus to the outer electrons